High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids V: Shock Chemistry with Applications to Meteorite Impacts

257 Pages·2003·10.99 MB·English

by  F. Langenhorst, M. Boustie, A. Deutsch (auth.), Lee Davison, Yasuyuki Horie, Toshimori Sekine (eds.)

High-Pressure Shock Compression of
Condensed Matter
Editors-in-Chief
Lee Davison
Yasuyuki Rorie
Editor-in-Chief Emeritus
Robert A. Graham
Advisory Board
Roger Cheret, France
Vladimir E. Fortov, Russia
Jing Fuqian, China
Y.M. Gupta, USA
James N. Johnson, USA
Akira B. Sawaoka, Japan
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
High-Pressure Shock Compression of Condensed Matter
LL Altgilbers, MD.J. Brown, l. Grishnaev, B.M Novae, l.R. Smith, l. Tkach, and
Y. Tkach: Magnetocumulative Generators
T. Antoun, D.R. Curran, G.J. Kanel, S. V. Razorenov, and A. V. Utkin: Spall
Fracture
1. Asay and M Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock Compression
of Solids
s.s.
Batsanov: Effects of Explosion on Materials: Modification and
Synthesis Under High-Pressure Shock Compression
R. Cheret: Detonation of Condensed Explosives
L. Davison, D. Grady, and M Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids II
L. Davison, Y. Horie, and M Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids IV
L. Davison, Y. Horie, and T. Sekine (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids V
L. Davison and M Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids III
A.N Dremin: Toward Detonation Theory
R. Graham: Solids Under High-Pressure Shock Compression
1.N Johnson and R. Cheret (Eds.): Classic Papers in Shock
Compression Science
v.F. Nesterenko: Dynamics of Heterogeneous Materials
M Suceska: Test Methods for Explosives
1.A. Zukas and w.P. Walters (Eds.): Explosive Effects and Applications
Lee Davison Yasuyuki Rorie
Toshimori Sekine
Editors
High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids V
Shock Chemistry with Applications
to Meteorite Impacts
With 94 Illustrations
i
Springer
Lee Davison Yasuyuki Horie Toshimori Sekine
39 Caii.oncito Vista Road Los Alamos National Institute for
Tijeras, NM 87059 National Laboratory Materials Science
USA Los Alamos, NM 87545 1-1 Namiki
[email protected] USA Tsukuba 305-0044
[email protected] Japan
[email protected]
Editors-in-ChieJ"
Lee Davison Yasuyuki Horie
39 Caii.oncito Vista Road Los Alamos National Laboratory
Tijeras, NM 87059 Los Alamos, NM 87545
USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shock compression of solids V : shock chemistry with applications to meteorite impacts
/ editors, Lee Davison, Yasuyuki Horie, Toshimori Sekine.
p. cm. - (High pressure shock compression of condensed matter)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4612-6552-8 ISBN 978-1-4613-0011-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-0011-3
1. Materials-Compression testing. 2. Shock (Mechanics) 3. Materials at high
pressures. l. Davison, L.w. (Lee w.) II. Horie, Y. (Yasuyuki) III. Sekine, Toshimori.
IV. Series.
TA417.7.C65 S24 2002
551.9-dc21 2002070453
ISBN 978-1-4612-6552-8 Printed on acid-free paper.
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2003
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Preface
Shock waves produce a wide variety of physical, chemical, mineralogical, and
other effects in materials through which they pass. Since the beginning of civili
zation, shock phenomena have been subjects of continuing interest, speculation,
and enquiry. The interdisciplinary aspects of investigations of shock phenomena
are especially noteworthy, and these investigations have been pursued by scien
tists and engineers from a broad range of disciplines.
Among the more novel and interesting investigations are those motivated by
problems that arise in the Earth and planetary sciences. Such events as meteorite
impacts produce the obvious cratering effects seen on the planets and their sat
ellites. More subtle effects become apparent upon chemical and petrographic
examination of the shock-compressed solid material. Shock waves are also
prevalent in the larger universe, and have played a prominent role in shaping the
solar system as we know it. The material in interstellar gas and dust clouds,
comets, etc., is processed by shock waves, producing important chemical
effects, including formation of complex organic molecules. The process of
accretion of planets involves impacts of dust particles at relative velocities
ranging from a fraction of a millimeter per second to impacts of larger bodies at
velocities as great as several tens of kilometers per second. The resulting shock
waves cause both chemical and physical changes that are manifest in the bodies
involved. Comparison of the composition and morphology of interstellar dust,
meteorite, and Earth materials with samples subjected to shock compression in
the laboratory provides clues to the environment experienced by the naturally
occurring materials and the processes in which they participate.
This volume is concerned primarily with the chemical and physical effects of
shock waves on typical Earth and planetary solid materials. The emphasis is on
experimental examination of samples recovered after shock compression in the
laboratory and on comparison of these observations with comparable observa
tions of naturally occurring materials
The first three chapters provide an account of the methods used to investi
gate and compare the shock effects in recovered minerals and rocks.
Langenhorst et a1. summarize techniques for generation of high pressures by
both static and dynamic methods. They further discuss temporal and spatial
changes in the dynamic high-pressure field induced by a shock wave. They
compare the chemical and physical constitution of calcite samples recovered
VI Preface
after having been subjected to various shock environments to understand the
effects produced on the mineral. In particular, they address the importance of
time scale in analyzing the effects in nature. Yamaguchi, Sekine, and Mori
address the important effect of high preshock temperatures of rocks on the origin
of pyroxene and plagioclase eucrites. They analyze the compositions of material
melted by shock compression and compare the composition with textural fea
tures of the rocks. Unusual chemical behavior is often observed and comparison
of observations of natural meteorites with material of comparable chemical
composition subjected to shock compression in a laboratory helps us to under
stand the preimpact condition of the meteorite and the nature of the impact.
Okuno discusses the structural characterization of some shocked framework
silicates using spectroscopic methods. He observes that recovered samples of
framework silicates subjected to a moderate degree of shock compression con
tain material in an amorphous state called diaplectic glass.
The next three chapters are concerned with shocked carbon and hydrocar
bons. These materials are popular in carbonaceous chondrites, and their presence
and state are an important indicator of the degree of shock compression experi
enced by the sample. Mimura and Sugisaki discuss the important role of shock
waves for the evolution of organic materials observed in nature. They show that
new hydrocarbons are formed through shock-induced reaction between other
hydrocarbons, and discuss possible mechanisms for the reactions. In the fol
lowing two chapters, phase transitions in carbon are discussed on the basis of
experimental investigation of recovered samples. Yamada's investigations are of
a pyrolytic graphite and Xu and Tan's work emphasizes the formation of ultra
fine diamond particles in explosive detonation products. The mechanism of
diamond formation under shock compression involves at least two processes;
one is a martensitic, fast rearrangement of carbon atoms and the other is a proc
ess of nucleation and growth of activated elemental carbon. These mechanisms
can also occur in nature.
The fmal three chapters in this volume involve shock waves in less direct
ways. The chapter by Misawa and co-authors provides a recent experimental
finding of shock-induced redistribution of isotopes. Plagioclase is one of frame
work silicates and a major carrier of lead. Shock-induced amorphization of
plagioclase plays an critical role in the geochemistry of lead isotopes. Lyons and
Ahrens model the Earth's strontium budget and its isotopic ratio at the time of
the great impact event producing the Cretaceousffertiary (KIf) boundary to
estimate atmospheric S02 and C~ formation. This exemplifies the effect of
shock waves in altering the atmosphere. Arakawa and Kouchi present experi
mental investigations of the behavior of ices subjected to impact. This has broad
applicability to ice-bearing planets and formation of planets from interstellar
ices.
Preface vii
The shock-related phenonema in nature are observed in many ways but, at
present, many issues remain to be resolved. Some meteorites contain high-pres
sure phases such as ringwoodite and majorites, but their formation remains to be
demonstrated experimentally.
It is our great desire that this volume stimulate, inspire, and excite its readers
and provide them an opening to experimental understanding of natural shock
phenomena.
Tijeras, New Mexico, USA Lee Davison
Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA Yasuyuki Horie
Tsukuba, Japan Toshimori Sekine
Contents
Preface........................................................................................................ v
Contributors........................ ........... .............. ........................ ....................... xiii
CHAPTER 1
Experimental Techniques for the Simulation of Shock Metamorphism:
A Case Study on Calcite.............. ............. ............................... .......... .......... 1
F. Langenhorst, M. Boustie, A. Deutsch, U. Homemann,
Ch. Matignon, A. Migault, and J.P. Romain
1.1. Introduction.................................................................................. 1
1.2. Experimental Techniques Used for the Simulation of
Shock Metamorphism.................................................................. 2
1. 2.1. Laser Irradiation Experiments....................................... ...... 4
1.2.2. Electric-Discharge Gun....................................................... 6
1.2.3. High-Explosive Shock Devices........................................... 8
1.2.4. Rapid Decompression Experiments in a
Multianvil Apparatus........................................................ 11
1.3. Observations on Recovered Calcite Specimens ............................ 12
1.3.1. Calcite Recovered from Laser Irradiation and
Electric-Discharge Experiments......................................... 14
1.3.2. Calcite Recovered from High-Explosive
Shock Experiments............ ........................... ..................... 17
1.3.3. Calcite Recovered from Multianvil Experiments ................ 19
1.4. Discussion and Conclusions......................................................... 20
Acknowledgments...................... ..................... .................................... 24
References.................................................... ............. ......................... 24
CHAPTER 2
Shock Experiments on a Preheated Basaltic Eucrite.............. ........... ........... 29
Akira Yamaguchi, Toshimori Sekine, and Hiroshi Mori
2.1. Introduction....................... ........................... ............................... 29
2.2. Experiments................ ....................... ............... .......................... 30
2.3. Results .................................................................... ................ .... 32
2.3.1. UnshockedEucrites.......................................................... 32
2.3.2. Shock Effects in Minerals ................................................. 35
2.3.3. Brecciation and Shock-Induced Localized Melting ............ 37
2.4. Discussion................................................................................... 39
2.5. Conclusions................................................................................. 43
Acknowledgments......... ....... ............. ... ........................ ....................... 44
References .... ................. .................. ............................. ...................... 44
x Contents
CHAPTER 3
Structural Evolution of Quartz and Feldspar Crystals and their Glasses by
Shock Compression ........ ... .................... ................... ......................... ........ 47
Masayuki Okuno
3.1. Introduction................................................................................. 47
3.2. Structure of Diaplectic Glass........................................................ 48
3.2.1. Diaplectic Quartz Glass..................................................... 48
3.2.2. Diaplectic Feldspar Glasses............................................... 51
3.3. Structural Evolution of Silica and Feldspar Glasses by
Shock Compression ..... ................... .............................. .......... ..... 59
3.3.1. Silica Glass....................................................................... 60
3.3.2. Anothite and Albite Glasses .............................................. 64
3.4. Concluding Remarks ................................................................... 69
Acknowledgments. .................. ................ .......... ........................ ....... ... 70
References ................ ..................... ............. .................... ........... ......... 70
CHAPTER 4
Shock Reactions of Carbon-Bearing Materials and
Their Cosmochemical Significance ............................................................ 75
Koichi Mimura and Ryuichi Sugisaki
4.1. Introduction................................................................................. 75
4.2. Occurrence of Organic Matter and Shock Waves in
Cosmic Space.............................................................................. 76
4.2.1. Inventory of Organic Materials in Space............................ 76
4.2.2. Occurrence of Shock Waves in Space Environments.......... 79
4.3. Roles of Shock Waves in the Evolution of Volatiles Including
Organic Materials .......... ............... .............. ........ ............. ........ .... 80
4.3.1. Interstellar Molecules........................................ ................ 80
4.3.2. Meteorites......................................................................... 81
4.3.3. Planets and Satellites......................................................... 83
4.4. Experimental Approach to Shock Reactions of
Organic Compounds and Its Implications for Cosmochemistry..... 89
4.4.1. Shock Reaction Apparatus ................................................ 90
4.4.2. Light Hydrocarbons Formed from CO and H2 Mixtures
by Shock Reaction ..... ........... ............................ ........... ..... 91
4.4.3. PAHs From Benzene by Shock Reaction ........................... 93
4.5. Outlook: Toward Origin of Organic Compounds in Space............ 108
Acknowlegdments............................................................................... 110
References ................... ... ............... ............ ............. ...... .... ........... ....... 110
CHAPTER 5
Shock-Induced Phase Transitions in Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite................ 117
K. Yamada
5.1. Introduction................................................................................. 117
5.2. Experimental............................................................................... 118
Contents xi
5.3. Textures of Posts hock Samples.................................................... 119
5.4. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Posts hock Samples ....................... 121
5.5. Phase Transition of Graphite to Diamond or
Diamond-Like Carbon .......... ........... ................. ... ........ ....... ...... ... 122
5.6. Phase Transition of Graphite to Carbyne ...................................... 130
5.7. Phase Transition of Graphite to Concentric Shell Carbon ............. 134
5.8. Conclusions................................................................................. 136
References ......... ....... ........... ............... ........................... ......... ........ .... 136
CHAPTER 6
Shock Wave Chemistry and Ultrafine Diamond from
Explosives in China ................................................................................... 139
Kang Xu and Hua Tan
6.l. Introduction................................................................................. 139
6.2. Shock-Wave Chemistry ............................................................... 139
6.2.l. Shock Wave Synthesis of Nanosized Composite
Metal Oxides ..................................................................... 140
6.2.2. Shock Wave Activation and Modification of
Inorganic Solids................................................................. 143
6.2.3. Shock-Wave-Induced Phase Transitions............................ 144
6.2.4. Other Shock-Induced Reactions ........................................ 148
6.2.5. Numerical Simulation Methods in
Shock-Wave Chemistry..................................................... 149
6.3. Ultrafine Diamond from Explosive Detonation ............................ 150
6.3.l. Preparation ....................................................................... 150
6.3.2. Inquiry Into the Mechanism of Diamond Formation .......... 151
6.3.3. Properties ......................................................................... 152
6.3.4. Applications ..................................................................... 154
6.3.5. Some Important Research Topics Concerning Ultrafine
Diamond from Explosive Detonation............... .......... ........ 156
6.4. Perspectives......................... ..... ............ ... ................... ......... ........ 158
References................ ... ........ ................ ......................... ........... ....... .... 159
CHAPTER 7
Redistribution of Radiogenic Lead in Plagioclase
During Shock Metamorphism ............ ... ................ .................. ......... ....... ... 163
Keiji Misawa, Fumie Yamazaki, Shinobu Sawada, and
Toshimori Sekine
7.l. Introduction................................................................................. 163
7.2. Experimental Program................................................................. 164
7.2.l. Starting Materials.... .............. ... ......................... ......... ....... 164
7.2.2. Shock Experiments ........................................................... 164
7.2.3. Measurements of Lead Isotopes......................................... 165
7.3. Experimental Results................................................................... 166