High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids III

347 Pages·1998·18.724 MB·English

by  S. K. Sikka, B. K. Godwal, R. Chidambaram (auth.), Lee Davison, Mohsen Shahinpoor (eds.)

High-Pressure Shock Compression of
Condensed Matter
Editor-in-Chief
Robert A. Graham
Editorial Board
Roger Cheret, France
Godfrey Eden, Great Britain
Jing Fuqian, China
Vitalii I. Goldanskii, Russia
James N. Johnson, USA
Malcolm F. Nicol, USA
Akira B. Sawaoka, Japan
Springer
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High-Pressure Shock Compression of Condensed Matter
l. Asay and M. Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock Compression of
Solids
A.A. Batsanov: Effects of Explosion on Materials: Modification and
Synthesis Under High-Pressure Shock Compression
R. Cherit Detonation of Condensed Explosives
L. Davison, D. Grady, and M. Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids II
L. Davison, Y. Hone, and M. Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids IV
L. Davison and M. Shahinpoor (Eds.): High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids III
R. Graham: Solids Under High-Pressure Shock Compression
M. Suceska: Test Methods for Explosives
l.A. Zukas and w.P. Walters (Eds.): Explosive Effects and Applications
Lee Davison Mohsen Shahinpoor
Editors
High-Pressure Shock
Compression of Solids III
With 140 Illustrations
Springer
Lee Davison Mohsen Shahinpoor
7900 Harwood Avenue NE Department of Mechanical
Albuquerque, NM 87110 Engineering
USA University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, NM 87131
USA
Editor-in-Chiej:
Robert A. Graham
Director of Research
The Tome Group
383 La Entrada Road
Los Lunas, NM 87031
USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
High-pressure shock compression of solids III/[edited by] Lee
Davison, Mohsen Shahinpoor.
p. cm. - (High-pressure shock compression of condensed
matter)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7454-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-2194-4
DOl: 10.10071978-1-4612-2194-4
1. Materials-Compression testing. 2. Porous materials
Mathematical models. 3. Powders - Mathematical models.
4. Materials at high pressures-Mathematical models. 5. Shock
(Mechanics) I. Davison, L.W. (Lee W.) II. Shahinpoor, Mohsen.
III. Series.
TA417.7.C65H552 1997
620.1 '1242-DC21 97-22862
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1998 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998
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ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7454-4 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg SPIN 10632891
Preface
Shock compression of condensed matter is of interest for several rea
sons. As an experimental technique, it provides access to the highest
compressive stresses readily attainable, and does so in a way that
permits accurate determination of stress and compression using only
measurements of length and time. It is for this reason that it plays
an essential role in studies of the equation of state of matter. A sec
ond aspect of the shock compression process is the rapidity with
which the stress can be applied and removed, facilitating the study of
non equilibrium deformation, fracture, chemical composition, and
other processes and states of matter.
Military applications motivated much of the early work in shock
compression science, but interest in these applications is decreasing.
In contrast, interest in equations of state for use in earth and plane
tary sciences, in high-rate deformation for improving understanding
of mechanical processes in metals, ceramics, and other materials, in
application of shock processing to prepare novel materials, and to
study the initiation sensitivity and detonation performance of explo
sives is increasing.
Investigation of shock compression phenomena is based on theo
ries of matter ranging from quantum mechanics to elementary con
tinuum theories, including, along the way, statistical mechanics,
chemistry, a broad range of continuum theories, and molecular
dynamic simulations. The continuum theories increasingly take ac
count of aspects of the microstructure of the material studied, par
ticularly when it is subject to design and control, as in the case of
composite structural materials. Interest in synthesis of novel mate
rials, sensitivity of explosives to initiation, and other problems has
motivated work on shock-induced chemical effects.
vi Preface
Shock compression has traditionally been studied using plane
shocks. At the continuum level, the deformation is homogeneous and
precisely controlled. At the mesoscale level, that of defect structures,
grains of polycrystalline metals or ceramics, particles of powdered
material, etc., even the most carefully controlled deformations are
chaotic. It is now clear that an understanding of deformation at this
level is necessary for understanding non equilibrium chemical and
mechanical effects.
Newly developed experimental methods are providing information
needed for developing an increasingly refined understanding of shock
compression phenomena at continuum, mesoscale, and atomic or
molecular levels. Most practical applications of results of investiga
tions in the field of shock compression science involve numerical
simulation of shock phenomena, and considerable effort is directed
toward development of theories and computational methods for per
forming the necessary calculations.
In this third volume in the series High-Pressure Shock Compres
sion of Solids, a broad range of topics of current interest is discussed,
but with no attempt to provide comprehensive coverage. * The authors
of the several chapters were selected for their expertise and experi
ence in the specific subject matter they address.
The first four chapters of this volume address fundamental physi
cal and chemical aspects of the response of matter to shock compres
sion. The first of these chapters, prepared by Sikka, Godwal, and
Chidambaram, reviews the status of knowledge of equations of state
of matter at high pressure. This subject lies at the foundation of the
field of shock compression science and is represented in the earliest
work in the field. Nevertheless, this area continues to be one of deep
and continuing interest and continual advance. Advances in related
theoretical, computational, and experimental matters have contrib
uted to this progress, as is demonstrated in the chapter. In the
second chapter, Robertson, Brenner, and White describe and demon
strate a newer tool, molecular-dynamic analysis, that has proved
capable of showing how interatomic forces and the organization of
matter at the atomic or molecular level affect phenomena that are
usually observed at the continuum level. The latter include shock
* Introduction of porosity into a material provides a means of independently
varying the temperature and pressure produced by shock compression, thus
providing more control than can usually be exercised over chemical reac
tions and phase transformations in the material. Volume IV of this series is
devoted to shock compression of porous materials.
Preface vii
structure, phase transitions, and chemical reactions (including deto
nation phenomena). Progress in this field is very much dependent on
continued advances in computing technology, and since this seems
assured, we can look forward to molecular-dynamic investigations
making many important contributions to our understanding of shock
phenomena. The third chapter, by Coffey, addresses elastoplastic de
formation of metals. This area, like that of equation of state, has a
long history and lies at the foundation of much of the work in the
area of shock compression science. Nevertheless, much of the work in
this area is at the continuum level, with most of the remainder being
based on classical continuum theories of dislocations. The results ob
tained by this means have provided very satisfactory pragmatic
descriptions of observed phenomena, but have failed to provide a
quantitative connection between continuum-level observations of
plastic flow and the microscopic descriptions of the mechanisms be
lieved to be responsible for these flows. The present chapter reports
new work directed toward extending the microscopic descriptions by
inclusion of quantum effects into the theory. The final member of
this first group of chapters, prepared by Pangilinan and Gupta, dem
onstrates the impressive power of spectroscopic methods in produc
ing information about molecular-level processes that occur during
shock compression of condensed matter. Processes occurring at this
level affect the equation of state of matter and lie at the heart of
chemical investigations, but are only now being subjected to effec
tive, direct experimental observation.
The second general subject area is that of the response of high
strength ceramic materials to shock compression. This area is cov
ered in chapters prepared by Mashimo and by Cagnoux and
Tranchet. Investigations of ceramics, including monocrystalline
samples of the compounds on which they are based, are motivated by
the appearance of these materials in areas of geological and plane
tary science, because they are often highly resistant to penetration
by projectiles, and because shock processing provides a means of pre
paring ceramic compacts offering high resistance to abrasion. Appli
cation of ceramic materials requires knowledge of their equation of
state, especially as regards phase transitions, and their deformation
and fracture behavior.
The chapter by Engelke and Sheffield is a tutorial on shock
induced reaction of condensed-phase explosives. Both theory and ex
perimental observation are covered. This is a topic of long-standing
interest, but one in which advances continue to be made because of
improvements in material preparation, experimental apparatus and
technique, and capability for numerical simulation.
viii Preface
The next two chapters are devoted to continuum-mechanical in
vestigations of shock phenomena observed at rather low stresses.
The first of these, prepared by Addessio and Aidun, exhibits a con
tinuum theory of fiber-reinforced composites that goes beyond the
usual theories of homogeneous continuua in its incorporation of mi
crostructural variables sufficient to capture the effects of layering,
orientation, debonding, etc., that lie at the heart of the utility of
these materials. This theory has been incorporated into a computer
code capable of analyzing shock propagation phenomena, and a vari
ety of numerical simulations have been provided. In the second of
this pair of chapters, Davison has analyzed attenuation of elasto
plastic pulses. This is an old, classical, problem, and the outlines of
its solution are well known. Nevertheless, we have not seen an
analysis presented in enough detail to exhibit the many and varied
physical phenomena that make up the attenuation process.
Albuquerque, New Mexico Lee Davison
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................... v
Contributors ............................................................................................................. xm
CHAPTER 1
Equation of State at High Pressure ............................................................. 1
S.K. Sikka, B.K. Godwal, and R. Chadambaram
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
1.2. General Considerations ......................................................................... 3
1.3. Some Results ............................................................................................... 11
1.4. Summary ..................................................................................................... :. 30
References ..................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 2
Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Shock Phenomena .......................... 37
D.H. Robertson, D.W. Brenner, and C.T. White
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 37
2.2. Model and Methods .................................................................................. 38
2.3. Nonenergetic A2 Piston-Driven Simulations .............................. 41
2.4. Energetic Chemically-Sustained Shock Waves ......................... 46
2.5. , Conclusions .................................................................................................. 55
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... 56
References ..................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER 3
Mechanisms of Elastoplastic Response of Metals to Impact 59
C.S. Coffey
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 59
3.2. Dislocation Motion ................................................................................... 60
3.3. Plastic Strain Rate ................................................................................... 67
3.4. Comparison with Experiments ........................................................... 69
3.5. High-Amplitude Shock Loading........................................................ 72
3.6. Elastic and Plastic Waves in Shocks ............................................... 72
3.7. Electroplastic Effects ............................................................................... 73
3.8. Impediments to Dislocation Motion and Crystal Failure ..... 74
x Contents
3.9. Energy Dissipation by Moving Dislocations ............................... 75
3.10. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 78
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... 79
References ..................................................................................................... 79
CHAPTER 4
Molecular Processes in a Shocked Explosive: Time-Resolved
Spectroscopy of Liquid Nitromethane ........................................................ 81
G.I. Pangilinan and Y.M. Gupta
4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 81
4.2. Optical Spectroscopy Probes ................................................................ 82
4.3. Shock Response of Nitromethane and
Sensitized Nitromethane ....................................................................... 85
4.4. Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. 97
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... 98
References ..................................................................................................... 98
CHAPTER 5
Effects of Shock Compression on Ceramic Materials ......................... 101
Tsutomu Mashimo
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 101
5.2. Shock Compression Studies on Some Selected Ceramic
Materials .............................................................................................. -......... 104
5.3. Yielding Mechanism and Correlation with Material
Characterization ....................................................................................... 124
5.4. Effects of Shock Compression on Shock-Induced
Phase Transition ....................................................................................... 136
5.5. Concl\lding Remarks .............................................................................. 139
References .................................................................................................... 140
CHAPTER 6
Response of High -Strength Ceramics to Plane
and Spherical Shock Waves ............................................................................. 147
J. Cagnoux and J.-Y. Tranchet
6.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 147
6.2. Elements of Experimental Strategy ................................................ 148
6.3. Uniaxial Deformation by a Plane Shock Wave ......................... 148
6.4. Triaxial Deformation by a Divergent Spherical Wave ......... 160
6.5. Conclusions, Prospects, and Recommendations ....................... 163
References .................................................................................................... 166
CHAPTER 7
Initiation and Propagation of Detonation
in Condensed-Phase High Explosives ....................................................... 171
Ray Engelke and Stephen A Sheffield
7.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 171
7.2. Brief History of Condensed· Phase Explosive Technology... 174