High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids 8. Science and Technology of High-Velocity Impact PDF
Preview High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids 8. Science and Technology of High-Velocity Impact
High-PressureShockCompressionof CondensedMatter Editors-in-Chief LeeDavison YasuyukiHorie FoundingEditor RobertA.Graham AdvisoryBoard RogerChe´ret,France VladimirE.Fortov,Russia JingFuqian,China YogendraM.Gupta,USA JamesN.Johnson,USA AkiraB.Sawaoka,Japan High-PressureShockCompressionofCondensedMatter L.L. Altgilbers, M.D.J. Brown, I. Grishnaev, B.M. Novac, I.R. Smith, I. Tkach, and Y.Tkach:MagnetocumulativeGenerators T.Antoun,D.R.Curran,G.I.Kanel,S.V.Razorenov,andA.V.Utkin:SpallFracture J.AsayandM.Shahinpoor(Eds.):High-PressureShockCompressionofSolids S.S.Batsanov:EffectsofExplosiononMaterials:ModificationandSynthesisUnder High-PressureShockCompression R.Chere´t:DetonationofCondensedExplosives L.Davison,D.Grady,andM.Shahinpoor(Eds.):High-PressureShockCompression ofSolidsII L.Davison,Y.Horie,andT.Sekine(Eds.):High-PressureShockCompression ofSolidsV L.Davison,Y.Horie,andM.Shahinpoor(Eds.):High-PressureShockCompression ofSolidsIV L.DavisonandM.Shahinpoor(Eds.):High-PressureShockCompression ofSolidsIII A.N.Dremin:TowardDetonationTheory Y.Horie,L.Davison,andN.N.Thadhani(Eds.):High-PressureShockCompression ofSolidsVI R.Graham:SolidsUnderHigh-PressureShockCompression J.N.JohnsonandR.Chere´t(Eds.):ClassicPapersinShockCompressionScience V.F.Nesterenko:DynamicsofHeterogeneousMaterials M.Suc´eska:TestMethodsofExplosives J.A.ZukasandW.P.Walters(Eds.):ExplosiveEffectsandApplications G.I. Kanel, S. V. Razorenov, and V.E. Fortov : Shock-Wave Phenomena and the PropertiesofCondensedMatter V.E. Fortov, L.V. Altshuler, R.F. Trunin, and A.I. Funtikov : High-Pressure Shock CompressionofSolidsVII Lalit C. Chhabildas Lee Davison Yasuyuki Horie (Eds.) High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids VIII The Science and Technology of High-Velocity Impact With272Figures 123 Dr.LalitC.Chhabildas SolidDynamics andEnergeticMaterialsDepartment SandiaNationalLaboratories Department1647,MS1181 Albuquerque,NewMexico87185-1181,USA Email:[email protected] Dr.LeeDavison Dr.YasuyukiHorie 39CañoncitoVistaRoad LosAlamosNationalLaboratory Tijeras,NM87059,USA MSF699 Email:[email protected] LosAlamos,NM87545,USA Email:[email protected] Editors-in-Chief: LeeDavison YasuyukiHorie LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2004110191 ISBN3-540-22866-7 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial isconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad- casting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationof thispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLaw ofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom Springer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springeronline.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2005 PrintedinGermany Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantpro- tectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:bytheauthorandTechBooksusingaSpringerLATEXmacropackage Coverdesign:design&productionGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper 54/3141/jl 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface This is the eighth in a series of books published on High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids. In this book, the emphasis is on the science and technology of high velocity impact, a subject that is relatively new. It is a direct outgrowth of World War II research and the manned spaceflight program for well-controlled impact studies to understand material response tointensedynamicloading.Thisbookisbasedonplenarylecturespresented at the 54th Aeroballistic Range Association (ARA) Meeting held in Santa Fe,NewMexico,October,20–24,2003.Themanychapterswerepreparedby leading researchers and fellows of the Association who have made significant contributions to the field. The ARA is an international organization of experimental and computa- tionalrangefacilities,operatinginresearchorcommercialmodethatrequires projectilesormacro-objectstobelaunchedathighvelocities.Studiesinclude projectiles’aeroballisticcharacteristicsorhypervelocityimpactmechanicsor phenomena that arise as a result of their impact on other bodies. The asso- ciation holds annual meetings to discuss topics pertaining to state-of-the-art researchandappliedprogramsonballisticstudies,hypervelocitylaunchtech- niquesandapplications,diagnosticsdevelopment,andsafetyissuesassociated with the operation of range facilities. The topics of discussion are pulished informally as ARA Proceedings that are held proprietary to its members. This philosophy is adopted to foster frank discussions, to stimulate technical advances, protect intellectual property rights, and allow open disclosures of embarrassing accident descriptions or unsuccessful trials – all of which are necessary for advanced technological development. The ARA has succeeded in promoting the safe and efficient operation of range facilities, the develop- ment of many of the test methods now routinely used, and the formation of a contributing commercial industry that supply the needed research tools. Oneoftheprimarymotivationsforthisbookistodocumentthehistoryof the development of high velocity launchers and the relevant high-speed and high-time-resolution diagnostics. The examples presented in this book are strongevidenceofthesignificantcontributionthedevelopmentofsmoothbore researchgunshashadinthefieldofhighvelocityimpact.Thetoolshavebeen extremelyusefulinobtainingwell-controlledandwell-characterizedprojectile launches, not only of flat plates for the material property studies generally VI Preface referred to as shock physics, but also for arbitrarily-shaped projectiles for both aerodynamic and impact studies. The first chapter, by Hallock F. Swift, highlights the history of two-stage light-gas gun technology development, beginning in the late 1940s and con- tinuing to the present. He discusses the motivating factors and the program needs that led to the focused development of the two-stage gun technology. Thesecondchapter,byHenriBernier,describesindetailthetheoryandtech- nical methods used to design and operate two-stage light-gas guns. Projec- tile launch velocities approaching 9km/s represent the technological limit of conventional two-stage light-gas guns, and programs are underway to devise means for achieving higher launch velocities. One such effort is the develop- mentofaplasmadragacceleratordescribedinChap.3byEduardIgenbergs andMartinRott.Ahighvelocity,plasma“drags”smalldiameterparticlesto velocitieswellover10km/s.Thistechnologywasdriveninpartbytheneedto investigatemicrometeoroidimpactsonspacecraft.Chapter4,byLalitChha- bildas and Marcus Knudson, describes the technical conditions that must be mettolaunchprojectileplatestovelocitiesapproaching30km/s.Earlystudy inthe1990senhancedthecapabilityoftwo-stagegunstolaunchplatesatve- locities as high as 16km/s. More recently, pulsed-electrical-power techniques have produced magnetic pressures sufficient to launch plates at velocities approaching 30km/s. In Chap. 5, Alois Stilp discusses the development of sabots to launch arbitrarily-shaped projectiles. This technology has allowed evaluation of the lethality and vulnerability of many conventional weapon systems. The tech- nology needs to be precise in that the sabot package must not only protect the projectile during launch but also ensure a proper and stable flight path after it exits the muzzle. Toassistwiththeinterpretationofballisticevents,explosions,etc.,imag- ing methods such as high-speed photography and flash x-radiography have proven to be indispensable. Chapter 6, by Vernon Draxler, highlights many of the applications and provides examples of the use of these imaging tech- niques. In Chap. 7, Peter Fuller traces the historical development of high- speed photography over the past 150 years. It should be emphasized that obtaining images of projectiles moving at velocities of from a few hundreds of meters per second to ten kilometers per second imposes stringent condi- tions balancing the accuracy requirements with the exposure time necessary to prevent blurring. This is addressed in these chapters. With the advent of lasers, the diagnostics have recently been extended to include imaging holo- grams of ballistics events, as discussed in Chap. 8, prepared by Gray Hough. In many respects, this is a revolutionary development since construction of three-dimensional holographic images offers the potential for making this a powerful tool to promote improved understanding of ballistic events. Complementing the high-speed imaging techniques are nanosecond high time-resolution time-resolved test methodologies that use interferometry, Preface VII piezoresistive, or piezoelectric gauges to infer the deformation features re- sulting from shock structures in impacted solids. William Isbell discusses this subject in Chap. 9. The final chapter by Jim Asay and MarcusKnudson highlights recent developments in which pulsed magnetic fields were used to investigate isentropic compression in materials. When combined with shock Hugoniot data and isotherms obtained using static techniques, this offers the potential for determining more comprehensive equations of state, over wider temperature, pressure and specific volume ranges, than any heretofore available. We would like to acknowledge all the authors for their contribution to this book and in particular their personal contribution to the science and technology of high velocity impact. As indicated, this is a dynamic, diverse, mature,andchallengingfieldrangingfrommaterialsciencestudiestoballistic impactinvestigations.Thedevelopmentofnewtechnology,eventothisdate, continues to be inspiring and educational. Albuquerque, New Mexico Lalit C. Chhabildas Tijeras, New Mexico Lee Davison Los Alamos, New Mexico Yasuyuki Horie Contents 1 Light-Gas Gun Technology: A Historical Perspective Hallock F. Swift ................................................ 1 2 Scaling and Designing Large-Bore Two-Stage High Velocity Guns Henri Bernier .................................................. 37 3 The Coaxial Plasma Drag Accelerator E. Igenbergs and M. Rott ........................................ 85 4 Techniques to Launch Projectile Plates to Very High Velocities Lalit C. Chhabildas and Marcus D. Knudson ....................... 143 5 Sabot Designs for Launching Penetrators and Projectiles Alois J. Stilp ................................................... 201 6 High-Speed Diagnostics for Ballistics and Explosive Studies Vernon C. Draxler .............................................. 227 7 Some Highlights in the History of High-Speed Photography and Photonics as Applied to Ballistics Peter W.W. Fuller .............................................. 251 8 Ballistic Holography Gary Hough.................................................... 299 9 Time-Resolved Gauges for Measurements of Shock Waves in Solids William M. Isbell ............................................... 311 10 Use of Pulsed Magnetic Fields for Quasi-Isentropic Compression Experiments James R. Asay and Marcus D. Knudson ........................... 329 List of Contributors James R. Asay Gary Hough Institute for Shock Physics Southwest Research Institute Washington State University San Antonio, Texas 78228 Pullman, WA 99163 USA USA [email protected] Eduard Igenbergs Techniche Universitat Mu¨nchen Henri Bernier Fachgebeit Raumfahrttechnik 66Av. Franc¸ois Copp´ee 85748 Garching 93250 Villemomble Germany [email protected] [email protected] William M. Isbell Lalit C. Chhabildas ATA Associates Solid Dynamics and Energetic 600 Via Hierba Materials Department Santa Barbara, CA 93110 Sandia National Laboratories USA Albuquerque, NM 87185-1181 [email protected] USA [email protected] Marcus D. Knudson Shock and Z-Pinch Physics Department Vernon C. Draxler Sandia National Laboratories 13416 Island View Drive Albuquerque, NM 87185 Elk River, MN 55330 USA USA [email protected] Martin Rott Peter W.W. Fuller Techniche Universitat Mu¨nchen 47 Maderia Avenue Fachgebeit Raumfahrttechnik Bromley, Kent BR1 4AR 85748 Garching United Kingdom Germany [email protected] [email protected]
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