Table Of Content

Radhakanta Rana Editor High-Performance Ferrous Alloys High-Performance Ferrous Alloys Radhakanta Rana Editor High-Performance Ferrous Alloys Editor RadhakantaRana TataSteel IJmuiden,Noord-Holland,TheNetherlands ISBN978-3-030-53824-8 ISBN978-3-030-53825-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53825-5 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Dedicatedtomyfamily,particularlytomy wifeBasabduttaandsonApratim.Without theiraccommodativebehaviourandsupport, itwouldhavebeendifficult tospendtimein realizingthisinterestingpieceofwork. Foreword It is a great pleasure to contribute some remarks in advance of the publication of High-PerformanceFerrousAlloys,aprojectledbyDr.RadhakantaRanafromTata SteelEuropeR&DintheNetherlands.IhaveknownRadhakantaforseveralyears now, and he has been associated with globally recognized leading institutions in ferrous metallurgy through his education at IIT Kharagpur in India and RWTH Aachen University in Germany, and professionally as a researcher with us at Colorado School of Mines and at Tata Steel Europe. Radhakanta meets every challengewithenergyandenthusiasm,anditisanhonortoparticipateinthisnewest projectwhichisafollow-ontohisrecentcollectionofworkinAutomotiveSteels: Design,Metallurgy,ProcessingandApplications. Steel is a ubiquitous material in the modern economy and enables many aspectsofourdailylives.Steeldevelopmentscontinueunabated,tomeetsociety’s need for enhanced performance in countless applications, at low cost. These developments are often evolutionary and sometimes revolutionary, but progress is always impressive as we look back at any given time over a few decades of contributions from the steel research community. In the project at hand, however, the emphasis is clearly more forward-looking, including families of steels that are either newcomers in important applications, or where there is future potential for implementation of new approaches involving iron alloys that are substantially differentthanthehigh-volumeproductsofthepresent,suchassteelswithreduced density or increased elastic modulus, iron-based high-entropy alloys (or MPEAs, multi-principal-element alloys) and iron-based intermetallics. These topics, along with the latest developments in other high-alloy ferrous systems such as stainless and electrical steels and cast iron alloys, are covered by a high-quality team of experts from Europe, Asia, and North America. I hope and expect that the book willbeasignificantresourceforgraduatestudents,researchers,andengineerswith interestsinthesetopics. The book also provides an update of developments in microalloyed steels, automotive advanced high strength steels, and nanostructured steels, where much attentionoftheinternationalsteelresearchcommunityhasbeenfocused.Additional background is provided in relation to thermodynamics and phase equilibria in vii viii Foreword relation to steels and ferrous alloys, and steel processing. Processing technology isacriticalenablerofcost-effectivedevelopments,andprocessunderstandingand developmentoftencontroltheimplementationofnewphysicalmetallurgyconcepts. I look forward to seeing the book in print, and a positive response of the steel communitytoitsnewestresource. ABSProfessor,ColoradoSchoolofMines,and JohnG.Speer Director,AdvancedSteelProcessingand ProductsResearchCenter Golden,CO,USA July2020 Preface Steelsareengineeredmaterialsproducedandusedinlargequantityacrossvarious industrial and commodity sectors. While most conventional steels are produced at industrial scale routinely today, many advanced high-strength steels and iron- based alloys are still in the laboratory stage. Iron-based emerging alloys can yield high levels of mechanical and physical properties due to novel alloy concepts and microstructure developments leading to multiple potential benefits for their use. Today most of the innovative steel developments are taking place in the area of automotivesteelswheredemandforlightweightingisever-growingduetostringent emissionlaws.Consideringthesefacts,abookentitledAutomotiveSteels:Design, Metallurgy, Processing and Applications was published a few years ago with the editorofthecurrentbookasitsleadeditor.Thatbookonautomotivesteelsfocused on summarizing the state of the art as well as new advances in various existing automotivesheetsteels,suchasextradeepdrawable(EDD),bakehardenable(BH), high-strengthlowalloy(HSLA),dualphase(DP),transformation-inducedplasticity (TRIP)-aided,complexphase(CP),bainitic,quenchingandpartitioning(Q&P)and elevatedmanganese(mediummanganeseandtwinninginducedplasticity(TWIP)) steels,anddesignofautobodyandformabilityofautomotivesheets.However,the developments of new steel concepts and high-alloyed ferrous materials were not covered well and there is no book currently available assembling the knowledge in these areas in one place. Therefore, a need was felt to fill this void so that researchers and professionals can benefit from it. Hence, the work on the current bookentitledHigh-Performance FerrousAlloyswasundertaken tobridgethegap. This book aims to compile the current state of understanding of emerging iron- rich alloys and some high-alloy ferrous systems, in comparison with traditional alloys,inonevolumetofurthertheirdevelopment.Itcoversthenewalloysystems such as low-density steels, high-modulus steels, high-entropy iron alloys as well as iron-rich alloy systems of cast irons, stainless steels, electrical steels and iron intermetallics. It also presents processing-driven high-potential microstructures in steels (i.e. nanostructured steels) as well as compact overviews of advanced high- strength steels (AHSS) and microalloyed steels to give a comparative foundation. Thebasicsofthelongchainofprocessingofsteelproductsandthethermodynamics ix x Preface and phase equilibria of iron-based systems are also covered, offering the readers someofthenecessarybackgroundknowledge. Themottoofthisbookisnotonlytoreviewandpresenttheknowledgeavailable inliteratureontheabovenovelironalloys,theirdesign,processing,microstructural evolution, and existing and potential applications but also to identify the gaps in their understanding and to suggest future research and developments necessary to showsomeoftheemergingalloysystemsthelightofapplicationsandimprovethe performance of the existing alloy systems. To serve this purpose, leading experts intheconcernedareasfromreputedcompanies,academicinstitutionsandresearch laboratories from around the globe were invited as contributors for the individual chapters. I sincerely hope this book will be highly useful to researchers, industry professionals,academiciansandstudentsasagreatknowledgesourceandwillfoster newresearchdirectionsinthebroadfieldofironandsteels. I am grateful to my employer, Tata Steel, for giving me kind permission to undertake this book project and I acknowledge the moral support of my nearest colleagues. Finally, I would like to thank all the participating experts whose contributionshavemadepublicationofthisbookpossible. IJmuiden,Noord-Holland,TheNetherlands RadhakantaRana Contents 1 ThermodynamicsandPhaseEquilibriaofIron-BaseSystems........ 1 K.C.HariKumar 2 ProcessingofFerrousAlloys .............................................. 37 HamidAzizi,OlgaA.Girina,DamonPanahi,TiheZhou, andHatemS.Zurob 3 MicroalloyedSteels......................................................... 83 SouravDas,AnishKarmakar,andShivBratSingh 4 Advanced High-Strength Sheet Steels for Automotive Applications ................................................................ 113 EmmanuelDe Moor 5 CastIron–BasedAlloys ................................................... 153 DawidMyszka 6 Low-DensitySteels ......................................................... 211 ShangpingChenandRadhakantaRana 7 High-ModulusSteels ....................................................... 291 HaukeSpringerandChristianBaron 8 NanostructuredSteels...................................................... 327 RosaliaRementeria,CarlosCapdevila,andFranciscaG.Caballero 9 Iron-richHighEntropyAlloys............................................ 389 FritzKörmann,ZhimingLi,DierkRaabe,andMarcelH.F.Sluiter 10 Iron-BasedIntermetallics.................................................. 423 MartinPalmandFrankStein 11 StainlessSteels .............................................................. 459 David San-Martin, Carola Celada-Casero, Javier Vivas, andCarlosCapdevila xi