High Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry

275 Pages·2009·4.807 MB·English

by  David A. Sanchez-Hernandez

High Frequency
Electromagnetic Dosimetry
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High Frequency
Electromagnetic Dosimetry
David A. Sánchez-Hernández
Editor
artechhouse.com
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ISBN 978-1-59693-397-2
Cover design by IgorValdman
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Contents
Foreword xi
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Exposure Scenarios 5
1.3 The Nature of the Interaction: Rationale for Limiting Exposure to EMF 7
1.4 International Scientific Messages 9
1.5 Risk Communication and Perception 11
1.6 The Reason for Writing this Book 13
References 16
CHAPTER 2
Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Fields Interaction with Matter 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Electromagnetic Dosimetry 22
2.2.1 Definition 22
2.2.2 Electromagnetic Fields and Matter 23
2.2.3 Specific Absorption Rate 27
2.3 Dielectric Properties 29
2.3.1 Measurement Techniques 29
2.3.2 Current Knowledge on Dielectric Properties 38
2.3.3 The Role of Tissue Dielectric Properties and Geometry on
Electromagnetic Dosimetry 46
2.4 Heat Generation 50
2.4.1 BioheatEquation 50
2.4.2 Thermal Properties of Human Tissues 56
2.5 Conclusions 57
References 59
CHAPTER 3
Far-Field Numerical Electromagnetic Dosimetry 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Electromagnetic Exposure Evaluation and Compliance Testing 69
3.3 Human Body and Source Modeling 71
3.3.1 Human Body Model 71
3.3.2 Source Modeling 76
vii
viii Contents
3.4 Simulation Techniques 82
References 85
CHAPTER 4
Near-Field Numerical Electromagnetic Dosimetry 93
4.1 Phantom and Source Modeling 93
4.1.1 Phantom Developments 93
4.1.2 Source Modeling 100
4.2 Simulation Techniques 103
4.2.1 Averaging Strategies 109
4.2.2 Meshing Strategies 110
References 111
CHAPTER 5
In Situ Measured Exposure Assessment and Compliance Testing 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Preevaluation 124
5.3 Instrumentation for Measurement 126
5.3.1 Broadband Probes 126
5.3.2 Narrowband Equipment 128
5.3.3 Antennas 129
5.3.4 Digital Mobile Communications Measuring Instrument 132
5.4 Volunteer Studies 132
5.5 Accurate Far-Field Compliance Testing for 2G Measurements 134
5.5.1 Measurement Campaigns 134
5.5.2 Measurement Procedures 137
5.5.3 Base Station Activity Determination 140
5.5.4 Broadband Measurements 143
5.5.5 Data Acquisition and Evaluation of Compliance with
Broadband Probes 144
5.5.6 Narrowband Measurements 146
5.5.7 Data Acquisition and Evaluation of Compliance with
Narrowband Probes 147
5.6 Accurate Far-Field Compliance Testing for 3G Measurements 153
5.6.1 The Need for Measurements 153
5.6.2 The UMTS Downlink Signal 154
References 158
CHAPTER 6
Near-Field SAR Measurements with Automated Scanning Systems 165
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 DosimetricAssessment System 167
6.3 SAR Assessment System 167
6.4 Portable SAR Systems 169
6.5 Sources of Inaccuracies 171
References 172
Contents ix
CHAPTER 7
The Effect of Metallic Objects on SAR Distributions 175
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Perfectly Conducting Spectacles and Eye Implants 177
7.3 Electrodes and Wire-Leads 180
7.4 Pins 183
7.5 Plates 184
7.6 Rings,Piercings, and Auditory Implants 186
7.7 Stents 202
References 202
CHAPTER 8
Worldwide Standardization and Guideline Discrepancies 207
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Extremities and Mass- and Time-Averaging 210
8.3 Volume Averaging 212
8.4 Regulations 213
References 216
CHAPTER 9
Medical Applications of High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy 221
9.1 Electromagnetic Therapy and Hypothermia 221
9.1.1 Biological Response and Risk 222
9.2 Therapeutic Applications 223
9.2.1 Cardiac Treatments 224
9.2.2 Urological Pathologies 225
9.2.3 Gastric Pathologies 227
9.2.4 Tumor Ablation 227
9.2.5 Sleep Breathing Disorders 230
9.2.6 EndometrialAblation 230
9.2.7 Assistance toArthroscopicSurgery 231
9.2.8 Assistance toLipoclasty 232
9.3 Conclusions and Future Research 232
References 233
CHAPTER 10
Conclusions 237
References 240
Acronyms 243
About the Editor 249
About the Contributors 249
Index 253