High Energy Physics and Cosmology 1998 - Proceedings of the Summer School (The Ictp Theoretical Physics) PDF
Preview High Energy Physics and Cosmology 1998 - Proceedings of the Summer School (The Ictp Theoretical Physics)
1998 SUMMER SCHOOL IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY the abdus salam international centre for theoretical physics \.f:' \ united nations educational, scient~ic international atomic 'J:jf§ and cultural organization energy agency THE ICTP SERIES IN THEORETICAL PHYSICS - VOLUME 15 1998 SUMMER SCHOOL IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY IGTP, Trieste, Italy 29 June -17 July 1998 Editors A. MASIERO SISSA, Trieste, Italy G. SENJANOVIC A. SMIRNOV ICTp, Trieste, Italy ·p 1 World Scientific I Singapore· New Jersey· London • Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. POBox 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology (1998 : Trieste, Italy) 1998 Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology: ICTP, Trieste, Italy, 29 June-17 July 1998/ editors, A. Masiero, G. Senjanovic, A. Smirnov. p. cm. --(The ICTP series in theoretical physics; v. 15) At head of title: The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency. ISBN 9810238347 (alk. paper) I. Nuclear astrophysics --Congresses. 2. Particles (Nuclear physics) --Congresses. 3. Cosmology --Congresses. I. Masiero, A. (Antonio). II. Senjanovic, G. (Goran). III. Smirnov, A. (Alexei). IV. Unesco. V. Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics. VI. International Atomic Energy Agency. VII. Title. VIII. Series. QB463.S86 1998 523.01'97--dc21 99-29818 CIP British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 1999 by The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Printed in Singapore by Uto-Print v PREFACE The ICTP 1998 Summer School was devoted mostly to different aspects of astroparticle physics and cosmology. The series of introductory lectures on present day status of Standard Model of the electroweak interactions and Higgs physics, aspects of QCD and supersymmetry, provided particle physics background for astrophysical applications. The rest of the lectures focused on the in-depth coverage of inflation, high temperature field theory and phase transitions, baryogenesis, dark matter and structure formation. Special emphasis was placed on neutrino astrophysics in view of the super-Kamiokande results on atmospheric neutrinos. In the pages that follow you will find this beautifully described by our lecturers. We wish to thank them again for the great job they have done. We also wish to thank the students for their enthusiasm and interest and all of our staff, for their invaluable help. Antonio Masiero, Goran Senjanovic and Alexei Smirnov vii CONTENTS Preface v Introduction to Electroweak Symmetry Breaking 1 S. Dawson Introduction to QCD 84 M. L. Mangano Neutrino Astrophysics at the Cross Roads 147 G. G. Raffelt Finite Temperature Field Theory and Phase Transitions 187 M. Quiros An Introduction to Cosmological Inflation 260 A. R. Liddle The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe 296 J. Silk Theories of Baryogenesis 326 A. Riotto INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING s. Dawson Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 An introduction to the physics of electroweak symmetry breaking is given. We discuss Higgs boson production in e+ e- and hadronic collisions and survey search techniques at present and future accelerators. Indirect limits on the Higgs boson mass from triviality arguments, vacuum stability, and precision electroweak mea surements are presented. An effective Lagrangian, valid when there is no low mass Higgs boson, is used to discuss the physics of a strongly interacting electroweak symmetry breaking sector. Finally, the Higgs bosons of the minimal supersymmet ric model are considered, along with the resulting differences in phenomenology from the Standard Model. 1 Introduction The search for the Higgs boson has become a major focus of all particle ac celerators. In the simplest version of the electroweak theory, the Higgs boson serves both to give the Wand Z bosons their masses and to give the fermions mass. It is thus a vital part of the theory. In these lectures, we will introduce the Higgs boson of the Standard Model of electroweak interactions.1,2 Section 2 contains a derivation of the Higgs mechanism, with particular attention to the choice of gauge. In Section 3 we discuss indirect limits on the Higgs boson mass coming from theoretical arguments and from precision measurements at the LEP and LEP2 colliders. The production of the Standard Model Higgs boson is then summarized in Sections 4 - 8, beginning with a discussion of the Higgs boson branching ratios in Section 4. Higgs production in e+ e- collisions at LEP and LEP2 and in hadronic collisions at the Tevatron and the LHC are discussed in Sections 5 and 6, with an emphasis on the potential for discovery in the different channels. Section 7 contains a derivation of the effective W approximation and a discussion of Higgs production through vector boson fusion at the LHC. The potential for a Higgs boson discovery at a very high energy e+ e- collider, (v is > 500 Ge V) is discussed in Section 8. Suppose the Higgs boson is not discovered in an e+ e- collider or at the LHC? Does this mean the Standard Model with a Higgs boson must be aban doned? In Section 9, we discuss the implications of a very heavy Higgs boson,
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