High Dynamic Range Video. Concepts, Technologies and Applications PDF
Preview High Dynamic Range Video. Concepts, Technologies and Applications
HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE VIDEO HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE VIDEO Concepts, Technologies, and Applications Editedby ALANCHALMERS UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom PATRIZIOCAMPISI RomaTreUniversity,Rome,Italy PETERSHIRLEY NVIDIA,SaltLakeCity,UT,UnitedStates IGORG.OLAIZOLA Vicomtech-IK4,SanSebastián,Spain AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2017ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-809477-8 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.store.elsevier.com/ Publisher:JoeHayton AcquisitionEditor:TimPitts EditorialProjectManager:CharlotteKent ProductionProjectManager:SusanLi Designer:VickyPearsonEsser TypesetbySPiGlobal,India CONTRIBUTORS A.O.Akyüz MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Ankara,Turkey A.Artusi UniversityofGirona,Girona,Spain F.Banterle CNR-ISTI,Pisa,Italy T.BashfordRogers UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom M.Bessa INESCTEC,Porto,Portugal;UniversidadedeTrás-os-MonteseAltoDouro,VilaReal, Portugal M.Cˇadík BrnoUniversityofTechnology,Brno,CzechRepublic A.Chalmers UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom Y.Chrysanthou UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus K.Debattista UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom J.Gorostegui Vicomtech-IK4,SanSebastián,Spain J.Hasic´-Telalovic´ InternationalUniversityofSarajevo,Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina K.Karaduzovic´-Hadžiabdic´ InternationalUniversityofSarajevo,Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina B.Karr UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom;RockledgeDesignGroup,Inc., Rockledge,FL,UnitedStates N.Ladas UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus C.Loscos UniversityofReimsChampagne-Ardennes,Reims,France R.Mantiuk WestPomeranianUniversityofTechnology,Szczecin,Poland ix x Contributors Á.Martín Vicomtech-IK4,SanSebastián,Spain I.Martin UniversityofGirona,Girona,Spain M.Melo INESCTEC,Porto,Portugal C.Moir UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom M.Musil BrnoUniversityofTechnology,Brno,CzechRepublic P.Musil BrnoUniversityofTechnology,Brno,CzechRepublic I.G.Olaizola Vicomtech-IK4,SanSebastián,Spain R.R.Orozco UniversityofGirona,Girona,Spain T.OzanAydın DisneyResearch,Zürich,Switzerland O.T.Tursun MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarland,Germany J.Unger LinköpingUniversity,Linköping,Sweden P.Zemcˇík BrnoUniversityofTechnology,Brno,CzechRepublic EDITORS’BIOGRAPHY Alan Chalmers is professor of Visualisation and Royal Society Industrial Fellow at University of Warwick and co-founder of the spinout company, TrueDR Ltd. Previously, he was a founder and CEO of the spinout company, goHDR Ltd. He has published over 230 papers in journals and international conferences on high-fidelity virtual environments and HDR imaging, and successfully supervised 37 Ph.D. students. He is honorary president of Afrigraph, a fellow of the ERA Foundation, and formerly vice president of ACM SIGGRAPH. Together with SpheronVR, he was instrumental in the development of the world’s first HDR video camera, which was completed in July 2009. From 2011 to 2015 he was chair of the EU COST Action IC1005 “HDRi: The digital capture, storage, transmission, and display of real-world lighting” http://ic1005-hdri.inesctec. pt/. This coordinated research and development in HDR across 25 EU countries and 44 institutions.In addition, Chalmers is a UK representative on IST/37,consideringHDR standardswithinMPEG. Peter Shirley is a distinguished research scientist at NVIDIA. He was formally a cofounderof two software companies and a professor at various universities. He received a B.S. in Physics from Reed College in 1985 and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of Illinois in 1991. He is the coauthor of several books on computer graphics and a variety of technical articles. His professional interests include interactive and HDR imaging, computational photography, realistic rendering, statistical computing,visualization,and immersiveenvironments. Patrizio Campisi received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy, where he is full professor at the Section of Applied Electronics, Department of Engineering. His research interests are in the area of secure multimedia communications and biometrics. Specifically, he has been working on secure biometric recognition, digital watermarking, image deconvolution, image analysis, stereo image and video processing, blind equalization of data signals, and secure communications. He has been the general chair of the seventh IEEE “Workshop on Information Forensics and Security,” WIFS 2015, November 2015, Rome, Italy, and of the 12th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security, September 2010, Italy. He has been technical xi xii Editors’Biography co-chair of the 1st ACM Workshopon Information Hiding and Multime- dia Security, June 2013, France and of the “Fourth IEEE Workshop on Information Forensicsand Security,”WIFS 2012,December 2012,Spain. He is the editor of the book “Security and Privacy in Biometrics,” Springer, July 2013. He is co-editor of the book “Blind Image De- convolution: theory and applications,” CRC Press, May 2007. He is co-recipient of an IEEE ICIP06 and IEEE BTAS 2008 best student paper award and of an IEEE Biometric Symposium 2007 best paper award. He has been associate editor of IEEE Signal Processing Letters and of IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. He is currently senior associateeditorofIEEESignalProcessingLetters.HeisIEEESPSDirector Student Services. He is a member of the IEEE Technical Committee on InformationAssurance&IntelligentMultimedia-MobileCommunications, System, Man, and Cybernetics Society, and was a member of the IEEE Certified BiometricProgram (CBP) LearningSystemCommittee. Igor G. Olaizola obtained his degree in Electronics Engineering at the UniversidadofNavarra(Tecnun)in(2001).In2001heworkedasaresearch assistant in Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen (IIS), Erlangen (Germany) were he worked in the development of MPEG audio decoders (MP3 & AAC) onFPGAs and DSPs. In 2002 he started as part of the research team of Vicomtech. In 2006 he worked for Vilau (a media engineering company) in consulting, development, and deployment activities, especially in the Digital TV market. Since 2007, Igor is the head of the Digital Media department in Vicomtech where he has actively participated in R&D projects related to MediaProductionand Broadcastingtechnologies. In 2013 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence by the Faculty of Computer Science of the University of the BasqueCountry. Igor participated in the COST Action IC1005 HDRi as dissemination chair and currently is associated lecturer in Tecnun. His main research interests are related to multimedia processing and analysis techniques,with a specialfocuson broadcastingtechnologies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are most grateful to COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) for funding COST Action IC1005: “HDRi: The digital capture, storage, transmission, and display of real-world lighting.” In particular, we would also like to thank our Science Officer, Dr. Ralph Stübner and Administrative Officer Ms. Aranzazu Sanchez for their highly valuable support, which helped ensure IC1005 was a success and which hasledtoavibrantHDRcommunityacrossEuropeandresultedinEurope nowplayingaleadingroleinthecurrentandfuturedevelopmentsofHDR. xiii OVERVIEW OF HDR VIDEO A.Chalmers*,P.Shirley†,D.Toffoli‡ *UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom †NVIDIA,SaltLakeCity,UT,UnitedStates ‡SIM2BVInternationalSrl,Pordenone,Italy Contents 1. Introduction xv 2. COSTActionIC1005 xvii 2.1 SuccessStories xx 3. TheHDRVideoPipeline xxvii 3.1 Capture xxvii 3.2 Compress xxvii 3.3 Display xxviii 4. Discussion xxx Appendix xxxii References xxxv 1. INTRODUCTION Welcome to the book “HDR video: Concepts, Technologies and Applications.” This book contains chapters from experts in high dynamic range (HDR) video covering a wide collection of their latest research and development across all aspects of the HDR pipeline from Capture, to Manipulate and Display. Why you should read this book is that many people, the editors included, think HDR is going to be the biggest qualitative change in TV quality since color. To anyone who has seen high quality HDR content on state-of-the-art HDR displays, the step changefrom existingdisplaytechnologyis clear. But what is HDR? It is imagery that is as subtle, bright, and vibrant as the real world. There were analog HDR technologies in the past (e.g., a good 35-mm slide with a very bright projector), but now that almost all content is digital, we can make a more precise definition: HDR is more brightness than we are used to with traditional imaging. This means “enough” bits for brightness (not the 8 bits per channel of previous technologies),andforthehighestbrightnessofthedisplayedimagery tobe “bright enough.” What is “enough” is one of the main debates of HDR, and a source of disagreement between academia and industry. The first research papers on HDR appeared in the early 1990s (e.g., [1, 2]), so why hasittakenmorethan20yearsforHDRtoappearinconsumertelevisions? xv xvi OverviewofHDRVideo First, remember we saw the same slow progress for HD TV that also tookdecadesfortheindustrytodeployforthegoodreasonthatadaptingan entire industry of capture, transmission, and display is a very hard process. Second, advances in LED technology were needed to make the displays commercially attractive; we have finally reached that point. Finally, the much easier transition in resolution had to be played out to its limit. We seem to have reached that in 4K, except for specialized applications. As televisions make the move toward HDR, this book also includes a chapter from an economist, Christopher Moir, that examines factors that may influencethewidespreaduptakeofHDR (Fig. 1). HDRiscoming,anditgoingtoimpacteveryaspectofimaging. This book is a major outcome of the EU Cost Action IC1005 that ran from May 2011 to May 2015 [3]. The key goals of IC1005 were to coordinate research and developmentin the field of High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging across Europe, develop a vibrant community, together proposeanewsetofstandardsforthecompleteHDRpipeline,andestablish Europe firmly as the world leader in HDR. Back in 2011, HDR was relatively unknown and the term was easily confused with HD = High Definition, that is, a screen resolutionof 1920×1080pixels. In fact, at that time,IC1005consideredsupportingtheterm“TrueBrightness”toreplace HDR tohelp minimizetheconfusion. In 2012 the specification for UHDTV, ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020 was announced [4]. This contained five components to move televisionsa significant step forward: Higher screen resolution 4K (3840× 2160 pixels) and 8K (7680 × 4320 pixels); higher dynamic range; wider colorgamutandhigherframe rate.Consumer4Ktelevisionswere quickto Fig.1 HDRvideowillaffectallaspectsofimaging.
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