Hierarchical Protection for Smart Grids

470 Pages·2018·22.132 MB·English

by  Ma, Jing, Wang

HierarchicalProtectionforSmartGrids

Hierarchical Protection for Smart Grids
Jing Ma and Zengping Wang
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power Systems with
Renewable Energy Sources
North China Electric Power University
Beijing, China
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Ma,Jing(Electricalengineer),author.|Wang,Zengping,author.
Title:Hierarchicalprotectionforsmartgrids/byJingMaandZengpingWang.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017016757(print)|LCCN2017036536(ebook)|
ISBN9781119304838(pdf)|ISBN9781119304821(epub)|ISBN9781119304807(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Smartpowergrids.|Electricpowerdistribution–Securitymeasures.
Classification:LCCTK3105(ebook)|LCCTK3105.M32017(print)|DDC621.31/7–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017016757
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
AbouttheAuthor ix
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Introduction xv
1 BasicTheoriesofPowerSystemRelayProtection 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Function of Relay Protection 1
1.3 Basic Requirements of Relay Protection 3
1.3.1 Reliability 3
1.3.2 Selectivity 4
1.3.3 Speed 4
1.3.4 Sensitivity 5
1.4 Basic Principles of Relay Protection 6
1.4.1 Over-Current Protection 6
1.4.2 Directional Current Protection 6
1.4.3 Distance Protection 7
1.5 Hierarchical Relay Protection 9
1.5.1 Local Area Protection 10
1.5.2 Substation Area Protection 11
1.5.3 Wide Area Protection 12
1.5.4 Constitution Mode of Hierarchical Relay Protection 13
1.6 Summary 15
References 15
2 LocalAreaConventionalProtection 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Transformer Protection 18
2.2.1 AdaptiveSchemeofDiscriminationbetweenInternalFaultsandInrush
Currents of Transformer UsingMathematical Morphology 18
2.2.2 Algorithm to Discriminate Internal Fault Current and Inrush Current
UtilizingtheVariationFeatureofFundamentalCurrentAmplitude 30
2.2.3 Identifying TransformerInrush Current Based on a Normalized Grille
Curve (NGC) 39
2.2.4 Adaptive Method to Identify CT Saturation UsingGrille Fractal 50
vi Contents
2.2.5 Algorithm forDiscrimination Between Inrush Currents and Internal
Faults Based on Equivalent Instantaneous Leakage Inductance 57
2.2.6 A Two-Terminal, Network-Based Method for Discrimination between
InternalFaults and InrushCurrents 70
2.3 Transmission Line Protection 82
2.3.1 Line ProtectionScheme for Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults Based on
Voltage Phase Comparison 83
2.3.2 Adaptive Distance ProtectionScheme Basedon the Voltage Drop
Equation 99
2.3.3 LocationMethodforInter-LineandGroundedFaultsofDouble-Circuit
Transmission Lines Based on Distributed Parameters 117
2.3.4 AdaptiveOverloadIdentificationMethodBasedontheComplexPhasor
Plane 134
2.3.5 NovelFault Phase Selection Scheme Utilizing Fault Phase Selection
Factors 148
2.4 Summary 172
References 172
3 LocalAreaProtectionforRenewableEnergy 175
3.1 Introduction 175
3.2 Fault Transient Characteristics of Renewable Energy Sources 176
3.2.1 Mathematical Model and LVRT Characteristics of the DFIG 177
3.2.2 DFIG Fault Transient Characteristics When Crowbar Protection Is
Not Putinto Operation 178
3.2.3 DFIG Fault Transient Characteristics When Crowbar Protection Is
Put into Operation 211
3.3 Local Area Protectionfor Centralized Renewable Energy 230
3.3.1 Connection Form of a Wind Farm and its Protection
Configuration 231
3.3.2 Adaptive Distance ProtectionScheme for Wind Farm Collector
Lines 233
3.3.3 DifferentialProtectionScheme forWindFarmOutgoingTransmission
Line 239
3.4 Local Area Protectionfor Distributed Renewable Energy 248
3.4.1 Adaptive ProtectionApproach fora Distribution Network Containing
Distributed Generation 248
3.4.2 Islanding Detection Method 255
3.5 Summary 269
References 270
4 TopologyAnalysis 273
4.1 Introduction 273
4.2 Topology Analysis for the Inner Substation 273
4.2.1 Characteristic Analysis of the Main Electrical Connection 274
4.2.2 Topology Analysis Method Based on Main Electrical Wiring
Characteristics 275
4.2.3 Scheme Verification 278
4.3 Topology Analysis for Inter-substation 284
Contents vii
4.3.1 Static Topology Analysis for Power Network 285
4.3.2 Topology Update fora Power Network 287
4.3.3 Scheme Verification 291
4.4 False Topology Identification 294
4.4.1 Road-Loop Equation 294
4.4.2 AnalysisoftheImpactsofTopologyErrorandUndesirableDataonthe
Branch Current 296
4.4.3 Topology Error IdentificationMethodBased on the Road-Loop
Equation 300
4.4.4 Scheme Verification 301
4.5 Summary 315
References 316
5 SubstationAreaProtection 317
5.1 Introduction 317
5.2 Substation Area ProtectionBased on Electrical Information 317
5.2.1 Substation Area Regionalization 318
5.2.2 Typical Fault Cases 323
5.2.3 Scheme Performance Analysis 326
5.3 Substation Area ProtectionBased on OperatingSignals 327
5.3.1 Setting Principle of Adaptive Current Protection 327
5.3.2 Supporting Degree Calculation Method 330
5.3.3 Substation Area Current ProtectionAlgorithm 334
5.3.4 Scheme Verification 338
5.4 Summary 346
References 346
6 WideAreaProtection 347
6.1 Introduction 347
6.2 Wide Area ProtectionUsing Electrical Information 347
6.2.1 Wide Area ProtectionUsing Fault Power Source Information 348
6.2.2 Wide Area ProtectionUsing Fault Network Information 358
6.2.3 Wide Area ProtectionSuitable forMultipleFault Identification 369
6.3 Wide Area ProtectionUsing Operating Signals 375
6.3.1 Wide Area ProtectionBased on the Distance ProtectionOperational
Signal 376
6.3.2 Wide Area ProtectionBased on the Current Protection Operational
Signal 393
6.3.3 Wide Area ProtectionBased on the Virtual Impedance of the Fault
Component 406
6.4 Wide Area Tripping Strategy 419
6.4.1 Tripping Strategy Based on Directional Weighting 419
6.4.2 Simulation Verification 428
6.5 Summary 432
References 433
Appendices 435
Index 439