Hidden aspects of urban planning : surface and underground development

84 Pages·2002·52.838 MB·English

by  Paul, Tim, Chow, Fiona, Kjekstad, Oddvar

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Hidden aspects of urban planning
surface and underground development
FrontCoverThe Underground entrance hall to the Louvre,Paris
CourtesyLee Dunette and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners,New York
SUPPORTED BY
European Commission,Directorate-General XII for Science,Research
and Development
Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) Action C7 Soil–Structure
Interaction in Urban Civil Engineering
Working Group D,Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering
for Urban Planning
EDITORS
Tim PaulJohn Barnett& Associates Ltd,Dublin
Fiona ChowGeotechnical Consulting Group,London
Oddvar KjekstadNorwegian Geotechnical Institute,Oslo
european council of town planners
conseil européen des urbanisites
ThomasTelford
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Published by Thomas Telford Publishing,Thomas Telford Ltd,1 Heron Quay,London E14 4JD.
URL:http://www.thomastelford.com
Distributors for Thomas Telford books are
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Firstpublished 2002
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN:0 7277 3101 7
© Author and Thomas Telford Limited 2002
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Designed and typesetby Kneath Associates,Swansea
Printed and bound in GreatBritain by Lavenham Press Ltd,Suffolk
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Contents
Listof figures 4 3
C
Listof case studies 5 O
N
T
E
Acknowledgements 6 N
T
S
Foreword 7
Executive Summary 8
Présentation Générale 9
Chapter 1:Introduction 11
Chapter 2:Surface Development 22
Chapter 3:Utilisation of Underground Space 34
Chapter 4:Geo-environmental Aspects of Urban Development 51
Chapter 5:Use of Geological and Geotechnical Information for Urban Planning 67
Chapter 6:Future Directions and Recommendations 77
Glossary 81
COST C7 Working Group D:Members’Details 83
COST 85
Hidden aspects of urban planning
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Figures
4 figure 1 The underground entrance to the Louvre,Paris:a spectacular addition to the Palace
courtyard above ground concealing a spacious entrance hall below
F
I
G figure 2 Underground excavation in Bordeaux
U
R
E figure 3 ‘Bus in a hole’subsidence damage due to the collapse of a natural cavity in chalk,
S
Norwich,UK
figure 4 North Greenwich Station
figure 5 House damage due to the collapse of a natural cavity in chalk,Norwich,UK
figure 6 Relative foundation costs for buildings of differentheights in Helsinki
figure 7 Waterfrontdevelopmentin Westhafen on the River Main in Frankfurt
figure 8 1972 Po Shan landslide in Hong Kong
figure 9 Slope stabilisation works in Hong Kong
figure 10 Section through the Louvre entrance hall
figure 11 The Louvre entrance hall
figure 12 Viikinmaki waste water treatmentworks
figure 13 Downtown Boston,before and after the Big Dig
figure 14 Layoutof the Versailles Tunnel
figure 15 Factors affecting the form of development
figure 16 Ground movements due to tunnelling and potential interaction with building
foundations
figure 17 Helsinki utility tunnels
figure 18 Segmentally lined and sprayed concrete lined tunnels for the Jubilee Line
Extension,London
figure 19 House damage due to the collapse of an abandoned mine
figure 20 Comparison of schemes for underground thermal energy storage
figure 21 Typical scheme for a borehole UTES in crystalline rock
figure 22 Thermal energy piles atKeble College,Oxford
figure 23 Stoke-on-TrentSuperficial Deposits Summary Map
figure 24 Stoke-on-TrentGround Stability Map
figure 25 Geotechnical soils map from the Helsinki Geotechnical Database
figure 26 Geotechnical rock map with underground utility infrastructure
figure 27 Excavation in frontof the National Assembly,Paris
Hidden aspects of urban planning
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Case studies
Channel Tunnel Rail Link,UK 5
Pikku-Huopalahti,Helsinki,Finland C
A
S
Dublin LightRail Project(LUAS) E
S
T
The Rose Theatre,London U
D
I
E
Foundation guidelines for York City Council S
Developmentof the River Lagan,Belfast,Northern Ireland
Slope failure atLousã,Portugal
Underground car parks,Paris
Rock cavern for Olympic ice hockey games,Norway
Protection of the Big Ben clock tower during the Jubilee Line Extension project,London
The Lisbon Metro,strengthening of buildings above tunnels in the city centre
Tunnels and dinosaur remains atCarenque,Portugal
Effects of changes in the groundwater regime in Nantes,France
Remediation of contaminated soil atArabianranta,Finland
Rehabilitation of the former Norwegian main airportatFornebu-Oslo
Redevelopmentof the Shell oil refinery in Stavanger,Norway
Scandinavian Airlines System Head Office,north of Stockholm,Sweden
Vibration from high speed train traffic – route selection with assistance from GIS
Sheetpile driving near high-pressure gas pipes,Belgium
Hidden aspects of urban planning
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Acknowledgements
6 The authors of this reportwere:
A Mr T.Paul John Barnett& Associates Ltd,Dublin,Ireland
C
K Dr F.C.Chow Geotechnical Consulting Group,London,UK
N
O
W Mr O.Kjekstad Norwegian Geotechnical Institute,Norway
L
E Mr I.Vahaaho Helsinki City Authority,Helsinki,Finland
D
G Dr B.Sellberg FORMAS,Stockholm,Sweden
E
M Prof.W.Haegeman GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
E
N
Prof.L.Lemos Coimbra University,Coimbra,Portugal
T
S
Prof.J.-G.Sieffert ENSAIS,Strasbourg,France
Prof.F.Bucher ETH,Zurich,Switzerland
Dr J.Feda Czech Academy of Science,Prague,Czech Republic
The authors gratefully acknowledge permission to publish the case history information and
photographs provided by the many projectteams and organisations around the world,also the
assistance provided by their colleagues and COST C7 members.Particular thanks to the following
for their valuable advice and feedback on the reportcontents and methods of presentation:
Dr B.Marker Departmentof Transport,Local Governmentand the Regions,London,UK
Mr R.Upton Royal Town Planning Institute,London,UK
Mr D.John Royal Town Planning Institute,London,UK
European Council of Town Planners
c/o Royal Town Planning Institute
41 Botolph Lane,London,EC3R 8DL, UK
Tel [phone]
Fax [phone]
www.ceu-ectp.org
Royal Town Planning Institute
41 Botolph Lane,London,EC3R 8DL, UK
Tel [phone]
Fax [phone]
www.rtpi.org.uk
Hidden aspects of urban planning
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Foreword
There is an increasing need for urban planners and developers to understand the geotechnical 7
and geo-environmental issues involved in urban construction.This reportdescribes some of the
F
basic concepts,and illustrates how geotechnical engineeringcan be used to overcome potential O
R
problems.The reportdemonstrates the benefits of using underground space and ‘brownfield’ E
W
sites,with numerous examples of international bestpractice.These examples are based on the
O
authors’experience and the availability of information.There are many other examples of good R
D
practice world-wide.
Planning and geotechnical practices across Europe and internationally vary widely,and hence
specific references to national standards,codes and guidelines have notbeen addressed in this
report.Substantial progress has been made in relation to harmonisation of design and
construction procedures in,for example,Eurocode committees.For specific projects,appropriate
planning and geotechnical advice should be sought.
This documenthas been prepared as partof the Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST)
Action C7 for Soil–Structure Interaction in Urban Civil Engineering.COST Action C7 consists of 67
members representing 17 countries and was formed and funded by the European Commission
with the aim of stimulating European integration and strengthening European competitiveness.
Other handbooks prepared by COST C7 include:
Guidelines for the Use of Advanced Numerical Analysis
Damage caused from Soil–Structure Interaction.Lessons learntfrom Case Histories
Use of Measurements for Geotechnical Control in Urban Engineering
For further information,please contacta member of the working group,details are provided at
the back of this publication.
COST C7 website:www.bygg.ntnu.no/geo/costc7/web00/
Hidden aspects of urban planning
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Executive Summary
8 Hidden Aspects of Urban Planningaims to raise the awareness of geotechnical and geo-
environmental issues among urban planners and within the urban planning frameworks across
E
X Europe.
E
C
U All surface and underground developmenthas some interaction with the ground (and
T
I groundwater) on,or within,which itis constructed.Frequently geohazards are notconsidered
V
E sufficiently early in the planning process,leading to increased risks,construction costs and delays.

S In order to minimise these risks and take full benefitof the available opportunities in
U
M development,geological and geotechnical advice should be soughtatthe earliestpossible
M
opportunity.This may consistof information on a regional scale for developmentplans,or desk
A
R studies and ground investigations for site-specific developments.Advances have been made in
Y
the presentation of geological and geotechnical information in formats useful to urban planners
and developers and also in the use of digital maps and databases such as those available through
geographical information systems (GIS) and internet-based portals.The developmentand
maintenance of these systems in compatible and systematic formats is to be encouraged.
Increasing demands on surface space have led to developmenton more marginal land,including
developments on softsoils,slopes,waterfronts and brownfield sites.Engineering methods are
available to successfully mitigate the risks associated with developmentin these areas.
City areas often undergo many generations of redevelopment.In the interests of sustainability
the reuse of existing foundations is to be encouraged.Optimisation of foundation layouts will
allow for foundation reuse in the future,protecting the developmentpotential of a site and also
minimising damage to archaeological remains.Foundation reuse relies on the availability of
adequate foundation records.There is a need for a more thorough and consistentapproach by
planning authorities to retain records of underground construction.
Rising land values and advances in construction techniques have made the utilisation of
underground space more attractive.This provides benefits such as the optimisation of land use,
improvements in the surface environmentand conservation of energy.Highly successful
methods are available to protectsurface structures during underground works.Development
plans for towns and cities should include policies on the use of underground space and
appropriate developmentcontrols to enable the active managementof this resource and to
preventunnecessary sterilisation of underground space through,for example,uncontrolled
installation of buried utilities.
Underground thermal energy storage presents a new approach to reducing power consumption
and protecting the environment.Further developmentis expected in this field in the future.
Ground-borne vibrations arising from construction activity or transportinfrastructure can
presenta potential nuisance to city inhabitants.With appropriate planning and design this
nuisance can be eliminated or reduced to acceptable levels.
Many of the issues covered in this documentrequire geological and geotechnical advice within a
multi-disciplinary approach.A number of initiatives are recommended for improving
collaboration between urban planners,developers and geotechnical engineers which,when
implemented,would lead to better and more sustainable developmentof our towns and cities.
The authors have made use of case studies from across Europe and beyond to illustrate the key
issues.Geotechnical terms given in italics are explained in the Glossary.References and
bibliographies are provided for those readers wishing to pursue specific topics in greater detail.
Hidden aspects of urban planning
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Présentation Générale
‘Les Aspects cachés de l’Urbanisme’ontpour butde faire prendre conscience des problèmes 9
géotechniques etgéoenvironnementaux aux urbanistes etce,dans le cadre des structures d’urbanisme
P
au sein de l’Europe. R
É
S
Toute nouvelle construction en surface ou en souterrain a des interactions avec le sol (etl’eau souterraine) E
N
sur ou dans lequel elle estréalisée.Généralement,les incertitudes liées au sol ne sontpas prises en T
A
compte suffisammenttôtdans l’élaboration du projet,entraînantl’accroissementde risques de désordres, T
I
des coûts de construction etdes délais de réalisation.De façon à minimiser ces risques età profiter au O
N
maximum des opportunités disponibles de construction,des conseils d’ordre géologique etgéotechnique
G
devraientêtre recherchés aussitôtque possible.Ceci peutconsister en informations à l’échelle régionale É
N
pour des développements sur des zones étendues,ou des études etdes reconnaissances de sol pour des É
R
sites plus spécifiques.Des progrès ontété réalisés dans la présentation des informations géologiques et A
L
géotechniques dans des formats utilisables par les urbanistes etles promoteurs,ainsi que dans E
l’utilisation de cartes digitalisées etde banques de données comme celles disponibles au travers des
Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques (SIG).Le développementetla maintenance de ces systèmes dans
des formats compatibles etsystématiques doiventêtre encouragés.
L’augmentation de la demande en surfaces constructibles ontconduità des extensions urbains sur plus de
terrains difficiles,y compris sur des sols mous,sur des pentes,en bord de mer etsur des sites miniers.Des
méthodes d’ingénierie sontdisponibles pour diminuer efficacementles risques de désordres associés à la
construction dans ces zones.
Les sites urbains ontsouventsubis des modifications successives dans le temps.Lorsque cela estpossible,
il fautencourager la réutilisation de fondations existantes.L’optimisation de la conception des fondations
permettra la réutilisation de fondations dans le futur,protégeantle potentiel de développementd’un site
etminimisantaussi les dégradations du patrimoine archéologique.La réutilisation de fondations dépend
des informations disponibles sur celles-ci.Ceci estune nécessité pour une approche plus approfondie et
cohérente par les décideurs de façon à conserver la mémoire des caractéristiques des constructions
souterraines.
La hausse du coûtdes terrains etl’évolution des techniques de construction ontrendu l’utilisation
d’espaces souterrains plus attractifs.Ceci présente des avantages comme l’optimisation de l’utilisation du
terrain,l’amélioration de l’environnementen surface etla maîtrise de l’énergie.Des méthodes très
performantes sontdisponibles pour protéger les structures existantes en surface pendantla réalisation de
travaux souterrains.Les projets de développementurbain devraientinclure des règles de l’utilisation de
l’espace souterrain etdes contrôles adaptés des constructions pour permettre une gestion active de cette
ressource etprévenir la stérilisation inutile d’espaces souterrains au travers d’installations non maîtrisées
de services publics enterrés par exemple.Le stockage souterrain d’énergie thermique estune nouvelle
approche pour réduire la consommation d’énergie etprotéger l’environnement.Un développementplus
importantestescompté dans le futur dans ce domaine.
Des vibrations provenantd’activités de construction ou d’infrastructures de transportpeutprésenter une
nuisance potentielle pour les habitants des villes.Avec une conception etune programmation
appropriées,cette nuisance peutêtre éliminée ou réduite à un niveau acceptable.
Beaucoup de questions abordées dans ce documentexigentdes conseils d’ordre géologique et
géotechnique en intégrantune approche interdisciplinaire.Pour développer la collaboration entre les
Urbanistes,les Promoteurs etles Ingénieurs Géotechniciens,un certain nombre d’initiatives sont
recommandées,qui si elles sontappliquées,conduiraientà un meilleur etplus judicieux développement
de nos villes.Pour illustrer les aspects clés,les auteurs ontutilisé des études de cas à travers l’Europe etau
delà.La signification des termes géotechniques en italique estdonnée dans le glossaire.Les références et
la bibliographie permettrontaux lecteurs qui le souhaitentd’approfondir certains aspects spécifiques.
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Introduction
1