Hezekiah in History and Tradition Supplements to Vetus Testamentum Editor in Chief Christl M. Maier Editorial Board r.p. gordon – j. joosten – g.n. knoppers – a. van der kooij – a. lemaire – s.l. mckenzie – c.a. newsom – h. spieckermann – j. trebolle barrera – n. wazana – s.d. weeks – h.g.m. williamson VOLUME 155 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/vts Hezekiah in History and Tradition By Robb Andrew Young LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Young, Robb Andrew. Hezekiah in history and tradition / by Robb Andrew Young. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, ISSN 0083–5889 ; v. 155) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21608-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Hezekiah, King of Judah. 2. Bible. O.T. Kings—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 3. Bible. O.T. Isaiah I—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 4. Bible. O.T. Chronicles—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 5. Jews—History—953-586 B.C. I. Title. BS580.H4Y68 2012 222’. 54092—dc23 2012006802 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 0083-5889 ISBN 978 90 04 21608 2 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22951 8 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ ix Abbreviations ................................................................................................... xi Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 PART ONE HEzEKIAH VIA ExTRA-BIBLICAL MATERIAL 1 Regnal Years and Lineage ....................................................................... 9 1.1. The Regnal Years of Hezekiah ....................................................... 9 1.1.1. Overview ................................................................................... 9 1.1.2. The Date of the Fall of Samaria ......................................... 12 1.1.3. The Date of the Fall of Jerusalem ..................................... 18 1.1.4. Regnal Years of the Latter Kings of Judah ...................... 21 1.2. The Lineage of Hezekiah ................................................................ 24 1.2.1. Relationship to Ahaz ............................................................. 24 1.2.2. Relationship to Ataliah ......................................................... 28 1.3. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 32 2 The Kingdom of Judah ............................................................................. 35 2.1. Assyrian Relations ............................................................................ 35 2.2. The Urbanization of Jerusalem ..................................................... 42 2.3. The Siloam Tunnel ........................................................................... 48 2.4. The LMLK Seals ................................................................................. 50 2.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 58 3 Sennacherib’s Third Campaign ............................................................. 61 3.1. Archaeological Evidence ................................................................ 62 3.2. The Number of Assyrian Campaigns .......................................... 66 3.3. Taharqo ................................................................................................ 73 3.4. Historical Reconstruction ............................................................... 77 3.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 86 vi contents PART TWO HEzEKIAH IN THE BOOK OF KINGS AND FIRST ISAIAH 4 The Religious Reform ............................................................................... 91 4.1. Archaeological Evidence ................................................................ 93 4.1.1. Arad .......................................................................................... 93 4.1.2. Beer-sheba .............................................................................. 95 4.1.3. Lachish .................................................................................... 97 4.2. Biblical Evidence .............................................................................. 101 4.2.1. The Report in 2 Kgs 18:4 .................................................... 101 4.2.2. The Report in 2 Kgs 18:22 .................................................. 104 4.3. The Social Setting of the Reform ................................................ 109 4.4. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 120 5 The Relationship between 2 Kgs 18:13–20:19 and Isa 36–39 ......... 123 5.1. Relative Priority of the Texts ........................................................ 123 5.1.1. Annalistic Account A (2 Kgs 18:13–16) ........................... 123 5.1.2. Prophetic Account B (2 Kgs 18:17–19:37/Isa 36–37) ... 126 5.1.3. Hezekiah and Isaiah (2 Kgs 20/Isa 38–39) ................... 133 5.2. Editing of the Texts ......................................................................... 136 5.2.1. Source Division ..................................................................... 136 5.2.2. Literary Analysis ................................................................... 142 5.2.3. The Secondary Nature of “The Fourteenth Year” ....... 146 5.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 150 6 The Messianic Oracles in First Isaiah ................................................. 151 6.1. Isa 8:23–9:6 ......................................................................................... 152 6.1.1. Overview ................................................................................. 152 6.1.2. Literary Extent and Structure ........................................... 152 6.1.3. Tense/Aspect Analysis ........................................................ 156 6.1.4. Translation ............................................................................. 158 6.1.5. Function of Isa 9:5–6 .......................................................... 159 6.1.6. Literary and Historical Context ....................................... 161 6.2. Isa 11:1–9 .............................................................................................. 164 6.2.1. Overview ................................................................................. 164 6.2.2. Literary Extent ...................................................................... 165 6.2.3. The Significance of the “Shoot” ....................................... 170 6.2.4. Literary and Historical Context ....................................... 177 contents vii 6.3. Isa 7 and the Sign of Immanuel .................................................. 181 6.3.1. Overview ................................................................................. 181 6.3.2. The Identity of Immanuel ................................................. 182 6.4. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 190 PART THREE HEzEKIAH IN CHRONICLES 7 The Historical Reliability of 2 Chr 29–30 ........................................... 195 7.1. The Rededication of the Temple (2 Chr 29) ............................ 197 7.1.1. Authorship ............................................................................. 197 7.1.2. Material ................................................................................... 202 7.2. The Passover (2 Chr 30) ................................................................. 209 7.2.1. Summary Statement ............................................................ 209 7.2.2. Other Historical Objections .............................................. 213 7.2.3. Correspondence to Josiah’s Passover and Deuteronomy ......................................................................... 215 7.2.4. Source Material ..................................................................... 222 7.2.5. The Second Month .............................................................. 227 7.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 231 8 The Historical Reliability of 2 Chr 31–32 ............................................ 235 8.1. The Reform and the Portions (2 Chr 31) ................................... 235 8.1.1. The Reform ............................................................................ 235 8.1.2. Distribution of the Portions .............................................. 238 8.1.3. Historical Analysis of the Portions ................................. 244 8.2. The Invasion of Sennacherib (2 Chr 32) ................................... 249 8.2.1. Hezekiah’s Defensive Measures (vv 3–6) ...................... 249 8.2.2. Hezekiah’s Achievements (vv 27–30) ............................ 253 8.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 254 9 Hezekiah as a Second David/Solomon ................................................ 257 9.1. The Dynastic Promises to David and Solomon ...................... 259 9.1.1. Conditional and Unconditional Material ..................... 259 9.1.2. The Depiction of Solomon ................................................ 263 9.2. The Pro-Solomonic Source of Chronicles ................................. 267 9.3. The Hezekian Provenance of the Source Material ................ 276 9.4. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 282 viii contents Summary and Future Directions ................................................................ 285 Appendix A ....................................................................................................... 295 Appendix B ....................................................................................................... 299 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 301 Author Index .................................................................................................... 335 Scripture Index ................................................................................................ 343 Subject Index .................................................................................................... 360 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This monograph is a revised version of my Ph.D. thesis, submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School at Yale University in the spring of 2011. Writing on this particular topic has been a labor of love from start to fin- ish, and I must first and foremost thank my advisors for suggesting it to me. Both Robert R. Wilson and John J. Collins have been of inestimable value in guiding my dissertation research, and the end product is far bet- ter for their forthright and discerning feedback. The opportunity to pursue doctoral studies would not have been pos- sible without the outstanding faculty at the Hebrew University of Jerusa- lem. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Steven Fassberg, Wayne Horowitz, Matthew Morgenstern, and Baruch Schwartz for their erudition and encouragement. Special mention should also be made of my class- mates Jeff Dinkelman and David Bremer, who were like a family to me and kept me motivated to finish what we started together. The impetus for my decision to study in Israel was provided by Norman Stillman and Shmuel Shepkaru at the University of Oklahoma. They are to be commended for their open hearts and open minds in believing in me and setting me along the path to academic investigation of the Hebrew Bible. It is only fitting that my family receive my warmest expression of grati- tude. My brother Todd and my son Christopher have been supportive to the utmost despite the time I was forced to sacrifice away from them, and I look forward to being able to repay their kindness. My mother Shir- ley and father Andy were foundational in fostering my interest in Bible from an early age, and gave of themselves countless times over in order to assure that my needs were met as I worked to complete my various degrees. This work is dedicated to all of you.