Heroism and the Black Intellectual: Ralph Ellison, Politics, and Afro-American Intellectual Life PDF
Preview Heroism and the Black Intellectual: Ralph Ellison, Politics, and Afro-American Intellectual Life
HEROISM AND THE BLACK INTELLECTUAL RALPH ELLISON, POLITICS, AND AFRO-AMERICAN INTELLECTUAL LIFE BY JERRY GAFIO WATTS the university of north carolina press chapel hill & london Heroism and the Black Intellectual : Ralph title: Ellison, Politics, and Afro-American Intellectual Life author: Watts, Jerry Gafio. publisher: University of North Carolina Press isbn10 | asin: 0807821640 print isbn13: 9780807821640 ebook isbn13: 9780807866238 language: English Ellison, Ralph--Political and social views, Politics and literature--United States-- History--20th century, African Americans-- subject Politics and government, African Americans--Intellectual life, African Americans in literature, Courage in literature, Heroes in publication date: 1994 lcc: PS3555.L625Z95 1994eb ddc: 818/.5409 Ellison, Ralph--Political and social views, Politics and literature--United States-- History--20th century, African Americans-- subject: Politics and government, African Americans--Intellectual life, African Americans in literature, Courage in literature, Heroes in Page iv © 1994 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Design by April Leidig-Higgins Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watts, Jerry Gafio. Heroism and the black intellectual: Ralph Ellison, politics, and AfroAmerican intellectual life /Jerry Gafio Watts. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8078-2164-0 (cloth : alk. paper). ISBN 0-8078-4477-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Ellison, RalphPolitical and social views. 2. Politics and literatureUnited States-History-20th century. 3. Afro-AmericansPolitics and government. 4. Afro- AmericansIntellectual life. 5. AfroAmericans in literature. 6. Courage in literature. 7. Heroes in literature. 8. Race in literature. I. Title. PS3555.L625Z95 1994 94-5724 818'.5409dc20 CIP Permission to reproduce selected material can be found on p. 157. 98 97 96 95 94 5 4 3 2 1 FOR MARIE AND CHIEF, MY BELOVED PARENTS Page vii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 3 ESCAPING THE GHOST OF HAROLD CRUSE 3 THEORIZING THE BLACK INTELLECTUAL 14 CONUNDRUM 1 A CELEBRATED ARTIST AND VISIBLE MAN 25 THE BIOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 33 EMERGING WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE LEFT 40 2 RECONCEPTUALIZING THE AFRO- 53 AMERICAN CONDITION THE EMERGENCE OF A BLUES ONTOLOGY 53 3 THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE BLACK 65 WRITER 4 HEROISM: AN ARTISTIC ANTIDOTE TO 99 RACISM NOTES 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 147 INDEX 155 Page ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No author is an island. I am no exception. In writing this book I have benefited from the help of many persons. Yet, my intellectual style is exceptionally solitary. Except for those scholars of Ellison who preceded me in print, no single person or group of persons has had an identifiably singular influence on the shape of this work. These reflections on Ralph Ellison first took form as a long chapter in a very long dissertation. As a student of American politics, I was fortu- Page x nate to attend graduate school at Yale during the late 1970s. The Yale political science department allowed me, an Americanist, to study something other than public policy analysis or voting behavior tabulations. I would like to thank Stanley Greenberg, Juan Linz, David Apter, James Scott, Doug Rae, Robert Lane, and the late Philip White for their support during my graduate school years. Professor David Apter, my dissertation chairman, deserves special mention. My interests in Afro-American intellectuals began early in my life. When I was in the first grade, my mother returned to college to complete her B.A. I remember her periodically reciting to the family statements made in class by her sociology professor, E. Franklin Frazier. My father was equally proud of the faculty of Howard University. By the time I was in the fourth grade, I knew about Charles Drew, Benjamin Mays, William Hastie, Frank Snowden, W Montague Cobb, Rayford Logan, Ralph Bunche, Charles Houston, John Hope Franklin, and other noteworthy past and present faculty of that institution. I had no idea what these men actually contributed to the world, but I knew, for instance, that Rayford Logan had graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Williams and that Hastie had done likewise at Amherst. Looking back, I am amazed that I could recite so many facts about individual Afro-American intellectual achievers and yet understand so little. While I generally believed that achieving Phi Beta Kappa meant that one was smart, I did not understand its significance or, for that matter, the significance of Amherst College. Yet, at this very early moment, I was told by my parents that I too could attend one of those "dream colleges" like Bowdoin or Swarthmore provided that I did well in school. I received good grades in school. My parents kept their promise. In the fall of 1971 I entered Harvard College. I have been a formal student of Afro-American intellectual life since that day in September 1972 when I first sat down in Martin Kilson's survey course on Afro-American politics. I can no longer recall whether it was Kilson's unique way of thinking or his obtrusive deviancy, rhetorical and sartorial, that first attracted me. In some respects my earlier memories of Kilson are a fog because he was a larger-than-life person to me. During my final three years at Harvard and continuing throughout my initial years of graduate study at Yale, Kilson was a constant source of information and insight into the political behavior of Afro-American intellectuals. More importantly, the time Kilson shared with me as a Page xi Harvard undergraduate helped me to develop certain crucial habits and disciplines of the mind. Whereas my decision to become a professor of political science also owes an immense debt to Martin Kilson's example, the arguments in this book are not in any direct way indebted to him. However, to the extent that I am trying to critically confront in Ellison a sacred icon of the Afro-American intellectual world, my work is decidedly Kilsonian. At crucial moments in graduate school Eugene Rivers and Frank Gonzales helped me to avoid traps of intellectual parochialism. Eugene helped me to generate grander intellectual ambitions, far beyond those that I brought to graduate school. Frank encouraged my interests in social theory. Jackie Lindsay provided me with my first real images of a healthy, integrated intellectual life. People who helped to sharpen my grasp of Ellison include Horace Porter, Cornel West, Farah Griffin, James A. Miller, Martin Kilson, and Robert O'Meally. O'Meally deserves special mention for the hours spent in Wesleyan's Center for Afro-American Studies helping a "Wrightman" like myself come to greater appreciation of Ellison and Albert Murray. Additional encouragement and support came from Carla O'Connor, Deborah King, James Watts, Jr., Al Young, Amy Randall, Clarence Walker, Kathy Rees, Alex Dupuy, Paul Lauter, Kris Graves, Paul Kumar, Henry Louis Gates, Marcus Bruce, Dina Anselmi, Erness Brody, Sandy Sydlo, Natalie Difloff, Barbara Sicherman, Roberta Gold, Penny Von Eschen, Carl Jorgensen, David Evans, Emma Ketteringham, Robert Wood, Earl Smith, Gerald Hudson, Fred Montas, MaryAnn Clawson, Robert Watts, Paula West, and numerous others. A special note of appreciation must go to Werner Sollors, Cornel West, and Horace Porter for their enthusiastic support of this project. Leon Sigal, a colleague in the Wesleyan government department gave
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