Heritage under siege: military implementation of cultural property protection following the 1954 Hague Convention PDF
Preview Heritage under siege: military implementation of cultural property protection following the 1954 Hague Convention
Heritage under Siege Heritage and Identity Issues in Cultural Heritage Protection Editedby JorisD.Kila JamesA.Zeidler EditorialBoard CharlesGarraway,(UK) PatrickBoylan,(UK) KarlvonHabsburg,(Austria) LaurieW.Rush,(USA) ThomasSchuler,(Germany) Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.nl/ichp Heritage under Siege Military Implementation of Cultural Property Protection Following the 1954 Hague Convention By JorisD.Kila LEIDEN•BOSTON 2012 Coverillustration:DamagedMuralofSt.Peter,MatejceMonastery.PhotobyJorisKila. Theresearchonwhichthisbookwasbased,wasco-fundedbySNSREAALFonds. Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100 characterscoveringLatin,IPA,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitablefor useinthehumanities.Formoreinformation,pleaseseewww.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN2211-7369 ISBN9789004215689(hardback) ISBN9789004228535(e-book) Copyright2012byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,GlobalOriental,HoteiPublishing, IDCPublishersandMartinusNijhoffPublishers. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV providedthattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Suite910,Danvers,MA01923,USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Anationthatdrawstoobroadadifferencebetweenitsscholarsandits warriorswillhaveitsthinkingbeingdonebycowardsanditsfightingdone byfools Thucydides.n.p.n.d.(ca.430bc).1 1 Attributed to Thucydides (cid:104)http://www.quotes.net/quote/38537(cid:105) [2 September 2011]. ThucydideswastheauthorofTheHistoryofthePeloponnesianWar,writtenin431bc. CONTENTS ListofIllustrations...................................................... xi Acknowledgements..................................................... xiii Preface.................................................................. xv 1. Introduction........................................................ 1 Heritage ............................................................ 5 Culture ............................................................. 7 Siege................................................................ 8 Conflict............................................................. 9 ResearchMethods,SourcesUsed,andtheMultidisciplinary NatureoftheSubject........................................... 12 TheRelevanceofMilitaryCulturalPropertyProtection............ 23 TheVolatileCharacteristicsofCulturalProperty................... 29 LootingandPoverty................................................ 30 2. ThePlayingFieldofCulturalPropertyProtection.................. 35 SettingtheStage.................................................... 35 TheMilitary ........................................................ 41 TheMedia.......................................................... 50 GovernmentalInstitutionsandPoliticalOrganizations............ 57 Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs)......................... 59 InternationalOrganizations(IOs).................................. 62 Work(ing)andAdvisoryGroups ................................... 66 Commerce,Crime,LawandOrder,andReligion................... 69 Science ............................................................. 74 TrendsinCulturalPropertyProtectionuntil1954.................. 78 TheSociologyofCulturalPropertyProtectionandtheMilitary.... 87 3. CaseStudies........................................................ 93 AnEthnographicalMuseumforAfghanistan....................... 93 IconoclasmintheOrthodoxMonasteryofMatejcein Macedonia:TheCreativeUseofDamagedCulturalProperty.. 98 SavingUrukfromLooting .......................................... 104 TheCulturalImportanceofUruk .................................. 104 HistoryofExcavatingUruk......................................... 105 viii contents MilitaryCulturalIntervention...................................... 106 KeyElementsforanEffectiveCulturalPropertyProtection StrategyFoundinThisCase.................................... 108 CPPandCivilMilitaryCooperation............................ 111 CulturalPropertyOfficers...................................... 111 HandoverProcedures .......................................... 112 LegalObligationsandImplications ............................ 112 Looting,IllicitTrafficandtheLinkwithSecurity .............. 114 Financing ...................................................... 116 ConclusionsConcerningtheUrukCase............................ 117 ThePolishApproachinIraq........................................ 118 ACaseExampleof(Unintended)ViolationtheHague Convention:Hescos............................................ 123 TheCaseoftheIraqiNationalLibrary.............................. 127 EgyptFebruary12–16th2011 ........................................ 128 TheNecropolisofSaqqara;AnIntroduction................... 136 ConclusionsfromtheEgyptLootingCasus......................... 144 EgyptianEpilogue.................................................. 148 Conclusions ........................................................ 151 Libya ............................................................... 151 TheCurrentConflictinLibya .................................. 154 AnIntroductiontotheLibyanWorldHeritageSites........... 154 FollowupActivitiestoSafeguardHeritageinLibya............ 155 LessonsLearned ............................................... 167 4. TheWayAhead .................................................... 169 BalancingtheInterests............................................. 169 IdentifiedDilemmasorChallengesStandingintheWayofCPP Implementation................................................ 170 LegalAspectstoConsiderWhenImplementingCPP .............. 176 ControlMechanismsandSanctions................................ 186 CommonDenominatorsasPartofSolutions....................... 189 OpportunitiesforEffectiveImplementationofMilitaryCultural PropertyProtection ............................................ 191 Research,Education,andExercise ................................. 195 DifferentPerceptionsoftheRelevanceandNeedforTraining betweentheMilitaryandPartiesWhoWanttoFollow UpontheHagueConventionof1954’sArticle25 .......... 196 TeachingandTraining ............................................. 197 Traininginsitu ................................................. 201 contents ix ExamplesofOtherMeansforTrainingMilitary:theCPP PlayingCards .............................................. 203 GeographicInformationSystems(GIS)andSatelliteRemote Sensing..................................................... 205 CurrentExamplesofMilitaryCPPImplementation,a ComparativeAnalysis.......................................... 206 ConcludingRemarks:ProceedingFromViolentlyOpposedto BeingAcceptedasSelf-Evident ................................ 214 ValorizationoftheResearchOutcomes ............................ 219 Summary ............................................................... 223 References.............................................................. 229 Glossary ................................................................ 237 Interviews .............................................................. 239 APPENDIXES 1. TheHagueConventionfortheProtectionofCulturalPropertyin theEventofArmedConflictof1954andtheFirstandSecond Protocols ........................................................... 243 2. ExamplesofCPPFieldPocketCardsinGermanandDutch PreparedinCooperationwiththeU.S.DoDLegacyProgram ...... 291 3. NATOCivil-MilitaryCo-Operation(CIMIC)DoctrineAJP9 ....... 293 4. RegulationNumber200-2EnvironmentalQuality,CENTCOM ContingencyEnvironmentalGuidance............................. 295 5. STANAG7141EPJointNATODoctrineForEnvironmental ProtectionDuringNATOLedMilitaryActivities................... 299 6. MissionReportCivil-MilitaryAssessmentMissionforEgyptian Heritage.ByBlueShieldandIMCuRWGFebruary12to16,2011 .... 301 Index ................................................................... 313
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