Heritage Transformed

127 Pages·2011·21.766 MB·English

by  Baxter, Ian

HERITAGE TRANSFORMED

HERITAGE TRANSFORMED
by
Ian Baxter
Oxbow Books
Oxford and Oakville
Published by
Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK
© Ian Baxter 2012
ISBN 978-1-84217-457-9
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Baxter, Ian.
Heritage transformed / by Ian Baxter.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-84217-457-9
1. Cultural property--Great Britain--Management. 2. Strategic planning--Great Britain. I. Title.
CC135.B39 2011
363.6’90941--dc23
2011041335
Cover: Illustration by Whistler, from “The Last of Uptake”
Printed in Great Britain by
Hobbs the Printers, Totton, Hampshire
Contents
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
Abbreviations used in the text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Research Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1 Introduction: an intangible heritage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2 Th e transformation of heritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Chapter 3 Management: the tool for transformation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Chapter 4 Th e transformation of heritage into English Heritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Chapter 5 Th e transformation of heritage into archaeology and vice-versa:
Th e Monuments Protection Programme.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Chapter 6 From fi re to fake? Uppark and Th e National Trust.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Chapter 7 Brodsworth Hall: a brand new time capsule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Chapter 8 Constructing the glass case: transformation within the Museum of London
and Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. . . . . . . . . . . .96
Chapter 9 Conclusion: heritage transformed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
v
Acknowledgements
Life was not easy as a heritage researcher in the early 1990s – both archaeologists and management
scientists were wary, the subject matter was diffi cult to get a fi rm grasp of, and funding agencies at the
time appeared to just be confused. Th at being said I would like to thank Sidney Sussex College and
Margaret Baxter for providing me with fi eldwork grants and support and the Department of Archaeology,
University of Cambridge, for its administrative backup when the initial research was undertaken. At
Th e National Trust and English Heritage, thanks are given to both headquarters and property staff at
Brodsworth Hall and Uppark for making me most welcome during case study fi eldwork, and putting
up with me lurking behind them with a clipboard. Graham Fairclough must be thanked for providing
support for my exploration of the Monuments Protection Programme, and for snatched exchanges at
numerous conferences. Nick Merriman also provided valued support for my initial exploration of the
Museum of London.
Th e case studies would not have come to fruition at all without the enthusiasm of John Hinchliff e,
former Director of Corporate Aff airs at English Heritage, and I thank him most heartily for fascinating
conversations, exploration of ideas, and providing huge amounts of paperwork and documents. I would
also like to thank Robin Boast for advising me on research ideas, and always forcing me to make my own
mind up having provided diametrically opposed ideas to my supervisor. To Kate Pretty, former Pro-Vice
Chancellor at the University of Cambridge, I would like to extend gratefulness and thanks, for fi tting
me in to her schedule somewhat unannounced, rejuvenating my interest when I lost momentum, and
being an incredibly effi cient and cheerful mentor, both during this project and since in my academic
career. Equally, in the intervening years between completion of the research and its appearance, Ben
Cowell has provided a great source of inspiration and enthusiasm for chewing over the more esoteric
aspects of heritage management in which we have a common interest.
Finally, I would like to thank my wife Mary – for all her support and ideas, and giving me the opportunity
to explain to somebody the minutiae of heritage management, whether she liked it or not.
vi
List of Figures
2.1 Th e model of transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 4.16 English Heritage Summary Statement
1996–2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
2.2 Examples and eff ects of transformation from
concept to object and vice-versa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 4.17 English Heritage programme delivery 1996. . . . .42
3.1 Basic functions of management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
4.18 Extract from Review of Results 1995/96. . . . . . . .44
3.2 Weber’s characteristics of bureaucracy . . . . . . . . .14
5.1 Hadrian’s Wall illustration from cover
3.3 Five processes in strategic management. . . . . . . .15 of guidebook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
3.4 Identifying the strategic position. . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
5.2 Western section of Hadrian’s Wall
3.5 Strategic planning model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Management Plan Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
3.6 Th e duality of strategic management – the 5.3 Schedule Plan for Baconsthorpe Castle . . . . . . . .47
Spock/Kirk metaphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
5.4 Entry for Baconsthorpe Castle in
3.7 Types of environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
English Heritage member’s handbook . . . . . . . . .48
3.8 Th e socio-cultural environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
5.5 Schedule Plan for St Mary’s Abbey . . . . . . . . . . . .49
3.9 Strategic choice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
5.6 Monument Class Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
3.10 Th e Manning-Haas sequential hierarchy
5.7 Th ree-way tension of scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
of demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
3.11 Organisational culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 6.1 Uppark house following restoration . . . . . . . . . . .64
4.1 Examples of public institutions whose remit 6.2 Th e owners of Uppark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
includes funding, policy and co-operative
6.3 Th e fi re at Uppark in 1989 during the fi rst
management with other service level
restoration programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
organisations in the heritage sector. . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.2 Th e three essential elements of the corporate 6.4 Regional National Trust publicity leafl et . . . . . . .67
purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
6.5 Orientation leafl et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
4.3 National Heritage Act 1983: section
6.6 Ground fl oor plan of the house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
establishing English Heritage as an institution . .24
6.7 Th e Manning-Haas sequential hierarchy
4.4 English Heritage and Department of National
Heritage Funding Agreement 1996/97 . . . . . . 25/26 of demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
4.5 Th e Department of National Heritage’s aims. . . .27 6.8 ASEB Grid Analysis and cell identifi ers . . . . . . . .69
4.6 English Heritage Corporate Plan 1989–93 6.9 Illustration by Whistler, from “Th e Last
Central Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 of Uptake” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
4.7 English Heritage Corporate Objectives:
7.1 Property publicity leafl et. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
1990, 1991 & 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
7.2 Brodsworth – Original architectural plan, hall
4.8 English Heritage Corporate Objectives
today & artist’s interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
7.3 Brodsworth – Artist’s interpretation . . . . . . . . . . .81
4.9 English Heritage Corporate Objectives
1994–1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 7.4 Orientation leafl et – site plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
4.10 English Heritage Corporate Objectives
7.5 House plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
1995–1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
7.6 Main hallway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.11 English Heritage Mission Statement 1988 . . . . . .31
7.7 Drawing room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.12 English Heritage Mission Statement 1992 . . . . . .31
7.8 Boat bedroom, conserved as found. . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.13 Historic Scotland Framework Document. . . . . . .32
4.14 Th e cultural recipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 7.9 Billiard room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
4.15 English Heritage values and behaviours. . . . . . . .34 7.10 Kitchen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
vii
7.11 Brodsworth details produced for tour 8.3 Museum of London Act (1965) relevant sections .99
operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
8.4 Extract from ‘Statutes & Ordinances of the
7.12 Brodsworth details produced for tour University of Cambridge’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
operators (Continued). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
8.5 Extract from the Ordinances of the University
8.1 CUMAA Anthropology gallery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
of Cambridge, establishing the Museum of
8.2 Museum of London in 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Archaeology and Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
viii
Abbreviations used in text
AONB Area of outstanding natural beauty HLF Heritage Lottery Fund
ARM Archaeological Resource Management HMG Her Majesty’s Government
ASEB Activities, Settings, Experiences and Benefi ts HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Offi ce
CBA Council for British Archaeology HPR Historic Properties Restoration
COI Central Offi ce of Information ICOM International Council of Museums
CPD Continuing Professional Development LB Listed Building
CPI Corporate Performance Indicator MARS Monuments at Risk Survey
CPRE Council for the Protection of Rural England MoL Museum of London
CRM Cultural Resource Management MPP Monuments Protection Programme
CUMAA Cambridge University Museum of NHMF National Heritage Memorial Fund
Archaeology & Anthropology
NT Th e National Trust
DCMS Department for Culture, Media & Sport
PPG16 Planning Policy Guidance Note 16
DETR Department of the Environment, Transport
RCHME Royal Commission on the Historic
and the Regions
Monuments of England
DNH Department of National Heritage
SAM Scheduled Ancient Monument
DoE Department of the Environment
SMR Sites and Monuments Record
EH English Heritage
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
FMPR Financial Management and Policy Review Th reats
GDP Gross Domestic Product UK United Kingdom
GIS Geographical Information Systems UNESCO United Nations Environmental, Scientifi c and
HBMCE Historic Buildings & Monuments Cultural Organisation
Commission for England (English Heritage) WWW World Wide Web
HEFCE Higher Education Funding Council for
England
ix