here - Bahar Ali Khan

1056 Pages·2010·6.59 MB·English

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C# 4.0
IN A NUTSHELL
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C# 4.0
IN A NUTSHELL
Fourth Edition
Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition
by Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari
Copyright © 2010 Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari. All rights reserved.
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Printing History:
March 2002: First Edition.
August 2003: Second Edition.
September 2007: Third Edition.
January 2010: Fourth Edition.
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use of the information contained herein.
ISBN: 978-0-596-80095-6
[M]
1263924338
Table of Contents
Preface ............................................................ xiii
1. Introducing C# and the .NET Framework ............................ 1
Object Orientation 1
Type Safety 2
Memory Management 2
Platform Support 3
C#’s Relationship with the CLR 3
The CLR and .NET Framework 3
What’s New in C# 4.0 5
2. C# Language Basics .............................................. 7
A First C# Program 7
Syntax 10
Type Basics 12
Numeric Types 21
Boolean Type and Operators 28
Strings and Characters 30
Arrays 32
Variables and Parameters 36
Expressions and Operators 44
Statements 48
Namespaces 56
3. Creating Types in C# ............................................ 63
Classes 63
Inheritance 76
The object Type 85
v
Structs 89
Access Modifiers 90
Interfaces 92
Enums 97
Nested Types 100
Generics 101
4. Advanced C# ................................................. 115
Delegates 115
Events 124
Lambda Expressions 130
Anonymous Methods 134
try Statements and Exceptions 134
Enumeration and Iterators 143
Nullable Types 148
Operator Overloading 153
Extension Methods 157
Anonymous Types 160
Dynamic Binding 161
Attributes 169
Unsafe Code and Pointers 170
Preprocessor Directives 174
XML Documentation 176
5. Framework Overview .......................................... 181
The CLR and Core Framework 183
Applied Technologies 187
6. Framework Fundamentals ...................................... 193
String and Text Handling 193
Dates and Times 206
Dates and Time Zones 213
Formatting and Parsing 219
Standard Format Strings and Parsing Flags 225
Other Conversion Mechanisms 232
Globalization 235
Working with Numbers 237
Enums 240
Tuples 244
The Guid Struct 245
Equality Comparison 245
Order Comparison 255
Utility Classes 258
vi | Table of Contents
7. Collections ................................................... 263
Enumeration 263
The ICollection and IList Interfaces 271
The Array Class 273
Lists, Queues, Stacks, and Sets 282
Dictionaries 292
Customizable Collections and Proxies 298
Plugging in Equality and Order 304
8. LINQ Queries ................................................. 311
Getting Started 311
Fluent Syntax 314
Query Expressions 320
Deferred Execution 324
Subqueries 330
Composition Strategies 333
Projection Strategies 337
Interpreted Queries 339
LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework 346
Building Query Expressions 361
9. LINQ Operators ............................................... 367
Overview 369
Filtering 371
Projecting 375
Joining 387
Ordering 394
Grouping 397
Set Operators 400
The Zip Operator 401
Conversion Methods 402
Element Operators 404
Aggregation Methods 406
Quantifiers 411
Generation Methods 412
10. LINQ to XML .................................................. 413
Architectural Overview 413
X-DOM Overview 414
Instantiating an X-DOM 418
Navigating and Querying 420
Updating an X-DOM 425
Working with Values 428
Documents and Declarations 431
Names and Namespaces 434
Table of Contents | vii
Annotations 440
Projecting into an X-DOM 441
11. Other XML Technologies ........................................ 447
XmlReader 448
XmlWriter 457
Patterns for Using XmlReader/XmlWriter 459
XmlDocument 463
XPath 466
XSD and Schema Validation 471
XSLT 474
12. Disposal and Garbage Collection ................................. 475
IDisposable, Dispose, and Close 475
Automatic Garbage Collection 480
Finalizers 482
How the Garbage Collector Works 487
Managed Memory Leaks 491
Weak References 494
13. Diagnostics and Code Contracts .................................. 499
Conditional Compilation 499
Debug and Trace Classes 502
Code Contracts Overview 506
Preconditions 510
Postconditions 514
Assertions and Object Invariants 517
Contracts on Interfaces and Abstract Methods 518
Dealing with Contract Failure 519
Selectively Enforcing Contracts 521
Static Contract Checking 523
Debugger Integration 524
Processes and Process Threads 525
StackTrace and StackFrame 526
Windows Event Logs 528
Performance Counters 530
The Stopwatch Class 535
14. Streams and I/O .............................................. 537
Stream Architecture 537
Using Streams 539
Stream Adapters 552
File and Directory Operations 559
Memory-Mapped Files 569
Compression 571
viii | Table of Contents