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Minimal Mobile Human Computer Interaction Abdallah El Ali Minimal Mobile Human Computer Interaction Abdallah A. El Ali Minimal Mobile Human Computer Interaction ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT terverkrijgingvandegraadvandoctoraande UniversiteitvanAmsterdam opgezagvandeRectorMagnificus prof.dr. D.C.vandenBoom tenoverstaanvaneendoorhetcollegevoorpromotiesingestelde commissie,inhetopenbaarteverdedigenin deAgnietenkapel opvrijdag15november2013,te12:00uur door Abdallah El Ali geborenteRiyadh,SaudiArabia Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr.L.Hardman Co-promotor: Dr.F.Nack Overigeleden: Prof.dr.B.Wielinga Prof.dr.ir. B.Kro¨se Prof.dr.M.deRijke Prof.dr.S.Boll FaculteitderNatuurwetenschappen,WiskundeenInformatica SIKSDissertationSeriesNo.2013-35 The research reported in this thesis has been carried out undertheauspicesofSIKS,theDutchResearchSchoolfor InformationandKnowledgeSystems. ThisresearchwassupportedbytheAmsterdamLivingLabprojectunderprojectnumber PID07071,andbytheEurostarSmartINSIDEprojectunderprojectnumberE5262. Copyright c 2013AbdallahElAli,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands (cid:13) CoverbyHosniAuji PrintedbyOffpage,Amsterdam ISBN:978-94-6182-364-9 Lookingback... 4.5years. 243pages. Imayhavewrittenthiswork,butanuncountableamountofthanks gototheoneswhoaccompaniedmeinthis(attimesridiculous)journey. Family, forbeingthereeverystepoftheway. Frank,Lynda, forbeingmymentors. NokiaResearch, forfire-startingmyresearch. T-Labs, forkeepingmyinterestsglowing. Co-authors, fortheinspirationandenjoyablecollaboration. Ex-students, forthedialoguesandgoodwork. HCS,ILPS,&otherSPlabs, forthetimesatPolder,Oerknal,andbeyond. Commelinstraatcrew&theUsualSuspects, forallthecrazytimes,nothingshortof. Existence, forsurvivingyouuntilnow. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 MobileHumanComputerInteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Context-awareComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 MultimodalInteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.1 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.2 ResearchQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 MainContributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3.1 EmpiricalFindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.3 MobileInteractionDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 ThesisOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5 ThesisOrigins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 I Context-Awareness 17 2 IdentifyingContextualFactorsinLocation-AwareMultimediaMessaging 19 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 ResearchQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.1 SharingExperiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.2 Location-awareMessagingSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4 PilotStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.1 LMMPrototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.2 LessonsLearned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5 Multi-modalDiaryStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5.3 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.6 CategorizationTask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.6.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.6.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.6.3 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.7 Results&Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.7.1 MediaPreferencesforMMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.7.2 IdentifiedandRatedLMMDomainsandTasks . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.7.3 CapturedExperiencesvs. ExperienceofCapture . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.7.4 CapturedExperiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.7.5 StudyLimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.8 DesignRecommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 v CONTENTS 3 CaseStudy: DesigningforPlayfulHCI 37 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2 ResearchQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3 WhatisaPlayfulExperience? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4 TheInferenceProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.4.1 Positivistvs. PhenomenologicalTheories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.2 PlayfulRepresentationorInteraction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.5 TheMaintenanceProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5.1 Fun,ButNotUseful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.6 TheMeasurementProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.6.1 SubjectiveandObjectiveExperienceMeasures . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.6.2 Over-measurementandUnder-measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.6.3 UPIMethodsandESMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.7 DesignConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4 AutomaticExploration-basedRoutePlanning 51 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2 ResearchQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.1 TimeGeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.2 Photo-basedCityModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3.3 Non-efficiencyDrivenRoutePlanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4 PhotographerPaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.4.1 Approach: MSAofArbitrarilyLongSequences . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.4.2 Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4.3 Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4.4 SequenceAlignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4.5 PRSAggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.4.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.5 UserEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.5.1 Laboratory-basedstudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.5.2 WebSurvey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6.1 StudyLimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6.2 TowardsAutomaticExploration-basedRoutePlanners . . . . . . . 68 4.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 II GesturalInputTechniques 71 5 EffectsofErroronDevice-basedGestureInteraction 73 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2 ResearchQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 vi

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2 Identifying Contextual Factors in Location-Aware Multimedia Messaging .. years, the rise of new hardware devices, ubiquitous wireless networks, and speech input), so that the user need not rely on his or her visual sense while services (e.g., urban lampposts that turn on when their proximity
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