Herbicides - Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds

502 Pages·17.692 MB·English

by  Hasaneen Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany (Ed.)

HERBICIDES – PROPERTIES,
SYNTHESIS AND CONTROL
OF WEEDS

Edited by Mohammed Naguib
Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen
Herbicides – Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds
Edited by Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen

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First published December, 2011
Printed in Croatia

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Herbicides – Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds,
Edited by Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-803-8
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
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Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Synthesis and Properties 1
Chapter 1 Preparation and Characterization
of Polymeric Microparticles Used
for Controlled Release of Ametryn Herbicide 3
Fabiana A. Lobo, Carina L. de Aguirre, Patrícia M.S. Souza,
Renato Grillo, Nathalie F.S. de Melo, André H. Rosa
and Leonardo F. Fraceto
Chapter 2 Benzoxazolinone Detoxification
and Degradation – A Molecule´s Journey 17
Margot Schulz, Dieter Sicker, František Baluška, Tina Sablofski,
Heinrich W. Scherer and Felix Martin Ritter
Chapter 3 Fate and Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Soil 43
Helena Prosen
Chapter 4 The Influence of Biochar Production
on Herbicide Sorption Characteristics 59
S.A. Clay and D.D. Malo
Chapter 5 Chemical Behaviour and Herbicidal Activity
of Cyclohexanedione Oxime Herbicides 75
Pilar Sandín-España, Beatriz Sevilla-Morán,
José Luis Alonso-Prados and Inés Santín-Montanyá
Chapter 6 1(Heterocyclyl),2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Benzenes as
Protoporphyrinogen-IX Oxidase Inhibiting Herbicides 103
Hai-Bo Yu, Xue-Ming Cheng and Bin Li
Chapter 7 Persistence of Herbicide Sulfentrazone in Soil Cultivated
with Sugarcane and Soy and Effect on Crop Rotation 119
Flávio Martins Garcia Blanco, Edivaldo Domingues Velini
and Antonio Batista Filho
VI Contents

Chapter 8 Paraquat: An Oxidative Stress Inducer 135
Ramiro Lascano, Nacira Muñoz, Germán Robert,
Marianela Rodriguez, Mariana Melchiorre,
Victorio Trippi and Gastón Quero
Chapter 9 Herbicides and the Aquatic Environment 149
Rafael Grossi Botelho, João Pedro Cury,
Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo and José Barbosa dos Santos
Chapter 10 Comparative Assessment of the Photocatalytic
Efficiency of TiO Wackherr in the Removal
2
of Clopyralid from Various Types of Water 165
Biljana Abramović, Vesna Despotović, Daniela Šojić, Ljiljana Rajić,
Dejan Orčić and Dragana Četojević-Simin
Chapter 11 Row Crop Herbicide Drift Effects
on Water Bodies and Aquaculture 191
Peter Wesley Perschbacher, Regina Edziyie and Gerald M. Ludwig
Part 2 Control of Weeds 205
Chapter 12 Evaluation of the Contamination
by Herbicides in Olive Groves 207
Antonio Ruiz-Medina and Eulogio J. Llorent-Martínez
Chapter 13 Prediction of Herbicides Concentration in Streams 227
Raj Mohan Singh
Chapter 14 Forty Years with Glyphosate 247
András Székács and Béla Darvas
Chapter 15 Effects of Herbicide Atrazine
in Experimental Animal Models 285
Grasiela D.C. Severi-Aguiar and Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin
Chapter 16 A Critical View of
the Photoinitiated Degradation of Herbicides 297
Šárka Klementová
Chapter 17 Oxidative Stress as a Possible
Mechanism of Toxicity of
the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) 315
Bettina Bongiovanni, Cintia Konjuh,
Arístides Pochettino and Alejandro Ferri
Chapter 18 Weed Population Dynamics 335
Aurélio Vaz De Melo, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva,
Hélio Bandeira Barros and Cíntia Ribeiro de Souza
Contents VII

Chapter 19 Ecological Production Technology
of Phenoxyacetic Herbicides MCPA
and 2,4-D in the Highest World Standard 347
Wiesław Moszczyński and Arkadiusz Białek
Chapter 20 Vegetative Response
to Weed Control in Forest Restoration 363
John-Pascal Berrill and Christa M. Dagley
Chapter 21 Sugar Beet Weeds in Tadla Region (Morocco): Species
Encountered, Interference and Chemical Control 381
Y. Baye, A. Taleb and M. Bouhache
Chapter 22 Adverse Effects of Herbicides
on Freshwater Zooplankton 405
Roberto Rico-Martínez, Juan Carlos Arias-Almeida,
Ignacio Alejandro Pérez-Legaspi, Jesús Alvarado-Flores
and José Luis Retes-Pruneda
Chapter 23 Herbicide Tolerant Food
Legume Crops: Possibilities and Prospects 435
N.P. Singh and Indu Singh Yadav
Chapter 24 Influence of Degree Infestation
with Echinochloa crus–galli Species
on Crop Production in Corn 453
Teodor Rusu and Ileana Bogdan
Chapter 25 Herbicides in Winter Wheat
of Early Growth Stages Enhance Crop Productivity 471
Vytautas Pilipavičius

Preface

Considerable advances in the understanding of herbicides in soils and/or in plants
have been made over the past decade. Elucidation of the synthetic pathways of
herbicides is continuing apace and, while their function is still open to controversy, it
is now widely acknowledged that these compounds are not, in general, biomaterials
but are artificially synthesized.
Exciting discoveries are continually being made in the field of herbicides. Since the
completion of this book, it has been reported that the mode of action of herbicides is
still in need of further investigation in order to cope with weed control.
The overall purpose of this book is to show that plants do not haphazardly produce a
large number of chemical compounds, but that each compound is synthesized for a
definite purpose and that the majority of herbicides and pesticides are artificially
synthesized in the labs; investigating synthetic pathways and properties, and that all
products produced to overcome weeds and insects which causes low production of
crops.
The format of the book is based on two main sections: Synthesis and Properties of
Herbicides and Control of Weeds. This book contains 25 review articles on a wide
range of important topics. Several chapters review herbicide progress in specific crops.
Other chapters deal with the synthesis and properties of herbicides and weed control. I
hope therefore that readers who are interested in a synthesis and properties and
control of weeds, for example in winter wheat of early growth stages, effects of
herbicides on fresh water zooplankton, and herbicide tolerant food legume crops, will
benefit from the wider range of topics also discussed within this book.

Prof. Dr Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen
Professor of Plant Physiology, Plant Department,
Faculty of Science, Mansoura University,
Egypt