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332 Pages·2007·3.12 MB·English
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HENRY VIII’S MILITARY REVOLUTION Dedication For John Joseph Hudson 1915-1988 HENRY VIII’S MILITARY REVOLUTION The Armies of Sixteenth- Century Britain and Europe JAMES RAYMOND Tauris Academic Studies LONDON • NEW YORK Published in 2007 by Tauris Academic Studies, an imprint of I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin’s Press 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2007 James Raymond The right of James Raymond to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Historical Studies 43 ISBN: 978 1 84511 260 8 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author Contents Abbreviations vi Conventions viii Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Henrician Military Literature: Theory and Reality 7 Chapter 2: Gunpowder Weapons 25 Chapter 3: Training and Discipline 55 Chapter 4: Infantry and Cavalry. A ‘British Art of War’? 80 Chapter 5: Levying the Army 113 Chapter 6: A Permanent Establishment? 136 Chapter 7: The Gunners 163 Conclusion The Military Revolution and Tudor England 180 Notes 197 Bibliography 287 Index 319 Abbreviations Manuscript Sources BL British Library, London Bodleian Bodleian Library, Oxford University CUL Cambridge University Library PRO Public Record Office, Kew TNA The National Archives Printed Sources APC Acts of the Privy Council of England, J. R. Dasent (ed.), 32 volumes (London, 1890-1907) Chronicles Raphaell Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, vol. 5, Scotland, vol. 6 - Ireland (London, 1808) CPR Calendar of the Patent Rolls CSP Span FS Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, Foreign Series, (1485- 1558) (London, 1862-1954) CSP Ven Calendar of State Papers, Venice English Military D. Eltis, English Military Theory and the Military Theory Revolution of the Sixteenth Century (Oxford University D.Phil.Thesis, 1991). History Robert Lindesay of Pitscottie, The History and Chronicles of Scotland: From the Slauchter of King James the First to the Ane thounsande fyve hundrieth thrie sair fyftein zeir. (ed.) A. J. G. Mackay (Vol.1 Scottish Text Society, 1966) ABBREVIATIONS VII HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission Reports LP Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, 1509-47, J. Brewer, (ed.), vols.1-4; J. Gairdner (ed.) vols.5-13; J. Gairdner and R. Brodie (eds.) vols.14-21, (London, 1862-1910), vol. I (pt.1), no.5 (2). Military Revolution G. Parker, Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1996) RWS* J. R. Hale, Renaissance War Studies (London, 1983) State Papers State Papers, Henry VIII, 11 volumes (London, 1831- 1852) SR Statutes of the Realm, A. Luders et al (eds.) ‘Trewe Encountre’ The Trewe Encountre,’ in A Ballade of the Scottyshe kynge by John Skelton (Detroit, 1969) TRP Tudor Royal Proclamations, P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin (eds.) (London, 1964) Supply Services C. S. L. Davies, Supply Services of the English Armed Forces, 1509-50 (Oxford, D.Phil Thesis, 1963) The Chivalric D. J. B. Trim, The Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Military Professionalism (Leiden, 2003) * This book is a compilation of the author’s published articles. The individual chapter cited will be identified in the footnote, alongside the reference to the book and page, however, only the volume title will be described in the bibliography. Conventions Transcriptions Transcriptions of manuscript source material, especially punctuation and spelling, have been kept as close as possible to the original document. Ligatures have been written out in full and contractions have been identified by placing brackets around the omitted letters. Capitals have been transcribed as in the original manuscript, abbreviations such as etc. have not been extended and the ampersand (abbreviating ‘and’) has been transcribed as ‘&’. The only exceptions to these rules have been in the case of ff, which has been transcribed as a capital ‘F’, whilst Roman numerals have been converted to Arabic for ease of reference. ‘F’ has also been modernised to ‘s’ where this was obviously the intention in contemporary printed material. This book has primarily followed, L. Munby, Reading Tudor and Stuart Handwriting (Chichester, 1988). Dates Except where the regnal year is directly referred to, all dates have been modernised, with the new year starting on 1 January. Reference has been made to C. R. Cheney (revised by M. Jones), A Handbook of Dates, new edition (Cambridge, 2000). Published Material Sections of Chapter One have been published in the journal archives, however, revisions have been made to this material since publication. See: J. J. Raymond, ‘Henry VIII and the English Military Establishment’, Archives: The Journal of the British Records Association, vol. 28 (2003), pp. 97-112. Acknowledgments The completion of this book has left me with numerous debts of gratitude for academic and financial support. I must begin by thanking the Arts and Humanities Research Board for the award of a Doctoral scholarship, without which I would have been unable to complete this research. I must also thank the Department of History at the University of Exeter for the provision of a teaching scholarship, which provided invaluable teaching experience. The libraries of the University of Exeter, Leeds, Manchester, Oxford and Cambridge, the British Library and Public Record Office have all been extraordinarily supportive and helpful. Most especially I would like to thank the inter-library loans office at Exeter who have searched valiantly for various obscure references! Academically my first debt must be to my supervisor Professor Jeremy Black, who has helped guide me through the maze of literature on early modern warfare and steered me away from various ‘blind allies’. His support has been invaluable and for his honest appreciation of my work and generosity in entertaining me at his house on occasions too numerous to note I am very grateful. I must also acknowledge the influential support of Dr. Mike Duffy, Dr. Alex Walsham and numerous other staff and postgraduate members of the department at Exeter who have supported me throughout my research. The instructive comments and advice offered by my doctoral examiners Professor Nicholas Rodger and Dr. George Bernard have remedied various omissions and much developed this work. I would also like to thank the department of History at Lancaster University for inspiring me to postgraduate study. Most especially the charismatic and impassioned lectures of the late Dr. Marcus Merriman and his final year special subject, Mary Queen of Scots. I should also like to acknowledge the kindness and support shown by numerous academics in reading and commenting on my chapters over the course of this project. Most especially I would like to thank Dr. S. Gunn for remarking on draft chapters, suggesting corrections and providing encouragement. Likewise Dr. D. Grummitt has shown considerable academic generosity in allowing me to read a draft of his excellent forthcoming work on the military garrison at Calais. Gervase Phillips, whose book the Anglo-Scots Wars was so influential in developing my interest in the Tudor military, has also provided invaluable support, taking time to meet me and discuss my work and make suggestions about archives and publications. Finally, Professor Mark Fissel’s

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The reign of Henry VIII saw a renascent militarism encapture England. James Raymond traces the development of Henry’s military establishment within the context of the wider European military revolution. Making use of extensive new research into the military literature of the mid-Tudor period,
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