Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses PDF
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Hemp Industrial Production and Uses This page intentionally left blank Hemp Industrial Production and Uses Edited by Pierre Bouloc La Chanvriere de L’ Aube (LCDA), France Serge Allegret La Chanvriere de L’ Aube (LCDA), France and Laurent Arnaud Ecole Nationale des Travaux Public de I’ Etat (ENTPE), France Development Editor David P. West, PhD Plant Breeder, USA Translated from orginal French text by Glen Cousquer, BVM&S, BSc, CertZooMed, MRCVS Independent Translator, UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chanvre industriel. English Hemp: industrial production and uses / edited by Pierre Bouloc, Serge Allegret, and Laurent Arnaud; translator: Glen Cousquer. p. cm. Translation of: Le chanvre industriel: production et utilisations. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-792-8 (pbk: alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-84593-793-5 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Hemp. 2. Hemp–Utilization. 3. Hemp industry. I. Bouloc, Pierre. II. Allegret, Serge. III. Arnaud, Laurent, 1965- SB255C4713 2012 633.5′71--dc23 2012004199 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 792 8 (pbk) 978 1 84593 793 5 (hbk) Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Editorial assistants: Alexandra Lainsbury and Gwenan Spearing Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by CPi Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY Contents Contributors vii 1. Hemp: A Plant with a Worldwide Distribution 1 2. The History of Hemp 4 3. Physiology and Botany of Industrial Hemp 27 4. Genetics and Selection of Hemp 48 5. Factors Affecting the Yield of Industrial Hemp – Experimental Results from France 72 6. Hemp Agronomics and Cultivation 98 7. Legislative Controls on the Cultivation of Hemp 125 8. The Agricultural Economics of Hemp 128 9. The Industrial Hemp Economy 145 10. Integrated Quality Management for Bast Fibres in Technical Applications 162 11. Use of Natural Fibres in Composites for German Automotive Production from 1999 to 2005 187 12. Increasing Demand for European Hemp Fibres 195 13. Hemp in Papermaking 198 14. Hemp and Plastics 209 15. Medicinal Uses of Hemp 222 16. Hemp Seeds for Nutrition 229 17. Hemp and the Construction Industry 239 18. The Uses of Hemp for Domestic Animals 260 v vi Contents 19. Chemical and Morphological Differences in Hemp Varieties 263 20. Hemp Production Outside the EU – North America and Eastern Europe 268 21. The Role of Hemp in Sustainable Development 278 References and Further Reading 290 Index 305 Contributors Serge Allegret, La Chanvriere de L’Aube (LCDA), France Laurent Arnaud, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Public de I’Etat (ENTPE), France Olivier Beherec, FNPC, France Dr Janos˘ Berenji, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, in Novi Sad, Serbia Sylvestre Bertucelli, FNPC, France Pierre Bouloc, La Chanvriere de L’Aube (LCDA), France Bernard Boyeux, Consultant, France Bernard Brochier, formerly Centre Technique du Papier, France Michael Carus, European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA), c/o nova-Institut GmbH, Chemiepark Knapsack, Industriestrasse, 50354 Hürth, Germany Nicolas Cerruti, Institut Technique du Chanvre (ITC), France Gabriel Cescutti, European Patent Office, Verrijn Stuartlaan, 2288 ER Rijswijk, The Netherlands Brigitte Chabbert, INRA, France Catherine Dejean, Hospital Pharmacist, Centre hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France, and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, France François Desanlis, Consultant, France and South Africa Holger Fischer, Faserinstitut Bremen e.V. – FIBRE –, Am Biologischen Garten 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany Gilbert Fournier, Laboratory of Pharmacology of the Faculty of Pharmacology at the University of Paris-Sud, France Yves Hustache, Consultant, France Tanya Jobling, Consultant, Australia Bernard Kurek, INRA, France Sandrine Legros, Institut Technique du Chanvre (ITC), France Gero Leson, Consultant, Leson & Associates, Berkeley, California, USA Gérard Mougin, AFT Plasturgie – Agro Fibres Technologies Plasturgie, Fontaine les Dijon, France Jörg Müssig, Hochschule Bremen, University of Applied Sciences, Faculty 5, Biomimetics/ Biological Materials, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany Sébastien Picault, Institut Technique du Chanvre (ITC), France Denis Richard, Hospital Pharmacist and Head of Service, Centre hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France, and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, France vii viii Contributors Vladimir Sikora, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia Hayo van der Werf, INRA, Rennes, France Nick Veltre, Consultant, Vietnam Philip Warner, Consultant, CEO ECOFIBRE, Australia David P. West, Plant Breeder, USA Glen Cousquer, Independent Translator, UK 1 Hemp: A Plant with a Worldwide Distribution Pierre Bouloc La Chanvriere de L’ Aube (LCDA), France 1.1 Where is Industrial Hemp The subsidies available to support hemp pro- Grown? duction further ensure the accuracy of these reported figures. Hemp is thought to have originated in the The production of certain other coun- Yunnan Province of China and its utilitarian tries, such as the Baltic states and the form, Cannabis sativa, has spread progres- ten countries who began production in sively across the globe. In general, it demon- 2003, remains small. We know, however strates a preference for the temperate zones (Chapter 2), that these Baltic states and situated between the 25th and 55th parallels northern Russia were largely responsible, on either side of the equator. during the 17th and 18th centuries, for This great versatility is not unusual, for the supply of hemp to the navies of there are many plants, including wheat, that France, Britain and Holland, to name the flourish in both the northern and southern largest three. hemisphere. Historical records showed that All the new members of the European hemp was widely cultivated across most of the Union, historically having produced significant planet by people who recognized its great hemp crops, have requested authorization to utility. continue production. Among the countries of Eastern Europe are Russia, Serbia and Romania. Historically, they have devoted significant areas to the 1.2 Modern-day Industrial Hemp production of hemp. Today, their produc- Production tion is modest, although sooner or later financial backing will be found to fund the Table 1.1 provides a comprehensive list of all cultivation of this crop. It should not be for- those countries producing industrial hemp, gotten that, despite various financial prob- even if their output is small. It bears testi- lems, countries such as Hungary, Poland, mony to the ongoing importance of this Serbia and Ukraine maintain hemp research crop. centres that rival France’s Fédération The information provided for the 25 Nationale des Producteurs de Chanvre (FNPC) European countries is particularly reliable, as in Le Mans. the figures are derived from an industry that In Asia, modest production is reported is strictly controlled and closely monitored. from countries like Korea and Japan. This reflects © CAB International 2013. Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses (ed. P. Bouloc) 1 2 P. Bouloc Table 1.1. Countries Cultivating hemp in 2004 Area of hemp Other European Area of hemp in Europe 253 in 2004 (ha) countries 2004 (ha) Germany 1730 Romania 2000 Austria 397 Russia 2500 Belgium 0 Serbia 200 Denmark 0 Ukraine 1000 Spain 678 TOTAL Other European countries 5700 Estonia PM ASIA4 (estimations) Finland 6 China 65000 France 8 427 North Korea 13000 Great Britain 1 640 South Korea 224 Holland 27 Japan 20 Hungary 539 Turkey 700 Ireland 22 TOTAL Asia 78944 Italy 885 Australia Latria PM Australia 250 Lithuania PM North America Poland 81 Canada 5500 Slavakia PM South America Sweden PM Chile (FAO) 4300 Czech Republic 500 Africa TOTAL South Africa PM Europe 25 14932 TOTAL WORLD 105756 3. Data from the EU. 4. Data from FAO and estimations * PM = not recorded the political alignment of these two countries to various countries in the developed world. with the repressive restrictions of the USA. The existence of dioecious hemp, from which However, the price of oil, together with current the best fibres for weaving are obtained, can environmental concerns, may well see produc- therefore be assumed. The large quantities of tion increase in these countries, particularly exported hemp textiles point to an extensive following recent moves in favour of the use of programme of cultivation. natural fibres. 3. We now know that five large companies cul- The figures for China have been estimated, tivate, for their own use, some 50,000 ha. Their as it has been impossible to obtain a reliable crops are produced using modern technologies estimate. Chinese production is undeniable, and are destined for the textile industry. however, for: 4. If we add the surface area under cultiva- tion for internal demands, a total area of 1. Every year the Chinese export to Europe 65,000 ha under cultivation can be proposed 5000–6000 t of hemp seed for use as animal as the absolute minimum. (bird) feed. The Chinese also supply neigh- bouring markets with organic hemp seed, In Australia, the pioneers of Ecofibre have Japan in particular. This allows us to estimate, come a long way in 15 years to re-establish taking into account yields, a surface area of hemp as a legitimate crop. They have lob- some 10,000 ha under cultivation. bied successfully for changes in the law, 2. China exports a wide range of clothing, undertaken seed trials, developed appropri- textile and decorative items made from hemp ate local f arming and harvesting techniques,
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