Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke: Medical, Imaging, Surgical and Interventional Approaches

584 Pages·2011·71.57 MB·English

by  Bernard R Bendok

Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke
Medical, Imaging, Surgical, and Interventional Approaches
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Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke
Medical, Imaging, Surgical, and Interventional Approaches
Bernard R. Bendok, MD
Associate Professor
Departments of Neurological Surgery and Radiology
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Andrew M. Naidech, MD, MSPH
Associate Professor
Department of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Neurological Surgery
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Matthew T. Walker, MD
Associate Professor of Radiology
Chief of Neuroradiology
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
H. Hunt Batjer, MD, FACS
Michael J. Marchese Professor of Neurological Surgery
Professor and Chair
Department of Neurological Surgery
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Thieme
New York • Stuttgart
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke : surgical, interventional, imaging, and medical approaches / [edited by] Bernard R. Bendok . . . [et al.].
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60406-234-2
1. Cerebrovascular disease. 2. Cerebral ischemia. 3. Diagnostic imaging. I. Bendok, Bernard R.
[DNLM: 1. Stroke—therapy. 2. Brain Ischemia—surgery. 3. Brain Ischemia—therapy. 4. Diagnostic Imaging—methods. 5. Neurosurgical
Procedures—methods. 6. Stroke—surgery. WL 356]
RC388.5.H448 2011
616.8'1—dc23 2011022038
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ISBN 978-1-60406-234-2
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This book is dedicated to my exceptional parents, Riad and Mima, for all their sacrifices and support;
to my precious gem and wife, Karen, who makes my career possible, and my amazing children,
Michael and Sarah, who are my most cherished gifts, daily joy, and inspiration; to my incomparable
towering mentors and teachers, Dr. Hunt Batjer and Dr. Nick Hopkins; to all my dedicated and
passionate fellows, residents, and students who make teaching worthwhile; and to my brave patients
who demonstrate to me the meaning of life and the essence of human dignity every day.
—Bernard R. Bendok
Dedicated to the memories of Leon A. Weisberg, MD, and Charity Hospital, New Orleans.
The environment sounded like jazz, smelled of cayenne pepper, and enveloped you like thick, moist air.
I miss them every day.
—Andrew M. Naidech
I would like to acknowledge the support and mentorship of Dr. Eric J. Russell, who has been instrumental
in guiding my career. I would also like to acknowledge the help and support of my diagnostic neuroradiology
colleagues, neurointerventional partners, neuroradiology fellows, and radiology residents at the
Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University. I would also like to acknowledge the support
of my family, including Karen, Grace, Owen, and, of course, Uncle Scooter!
The Neuroimaging Section is dedicated to all practicing radiologists who toil in relative obscurity
while supporting and advancing the important field of high-resolution anatomical and physiological
neuroimaging, which is greatly affecting the lives of stroke patients and their families. As Thomas Merton,
American author, stated: “Yet it is in this loneliness that the deepest activities begin. It is here
that you discover act without motion, labor that is profound repose, vision in obscurity and,
beyond all desire, fulfillment whose limits extend to infinity.”
—Matthew T. Walker
Dedicated to my great friend and mentor, Duke Samson. He taught me everything I know about
cerebrovascular disease. I wish only that he had taught me all HE knows!
—H. Hunt Batjer
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Contents
Video Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Foreword: Medical and Critical Care Considerations by Sheryl Martin-Schild. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Foreword: Imaging Considerations by Max Wintermark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Foreword: Open Surgical Approaches by Roberto C. Heros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Foreword: Neurointerventional Approaches by Jacques Dion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
I Medical and Critical Care Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Rodney D. Bell and Valerie Dechant
Chapter 2 Clinical Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Richard A. Bernstein
Chapter 3 Fibrinolysis for Cerebral Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Alejandro A. Rabinstein
Chapter 4 Critical Care Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Matthew Vibbert and Andrew M. Naidech
Chapter 5 Defining Success: Basics of Measurement Scales and Clinical Research
in Neurovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Andrew M. Naidech
Chapter 6 Promising Developments in Critical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Laurie McWilliams and J. Javier Provencio
II Imaging Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 7 Computed Tomography in Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Julie H. Harreld, Peter G. Kranz, and James D. Eastwood
Chapter 8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Anne Catherine Kim, Jimmy Jaeyoung Kang, Reza Hakimelahi, and Pamela W. Schaefer
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Chapter 9 Positron Emission Tomography in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Colin P. Derdeyn and Rajat Dhar
Chapter 10 Ultrasound Assessment in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Javier M. Romero and Anna G. Meader
Chapter 11 Neuroangiography in Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Guilherme Dabus, Michael C. Hurley, and Eric J. Russell
Chapter 12 Promising Developments in Stroke Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Howard A. Rowley, Patrick A. Turski, and Charles M. Strother
III Open Surgical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Chapter 13 Anesthesia Considerations for Neurovascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Carine Zeeni, John F. Bebawy, Dhanesh K. Gupta, and Antoun Koht
Chapter 14 Bypass for Acute and Chronic Ischemic States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Joshua R. Dusick, Nestor R. Gonzalez, and Neil A. Martin
Chapter 15 Moyamoya: Surgical Indications and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Bradley A. Gross, Mark Dannenbaum, Edward R. Smith, Arthur L. Day,
and R. Michael Scott
Chapter 16 Craniectomy Rationale: Outcomes Data and Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Sameer A. Sheth, Sunil A. Sheth, and Christopher S. Ogilvy
Chapter 17 Carotid Endarterectomy: Decision Analysis and Surgical Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Jay U. Howington
Chapter 18 Microsurgical Revascularization of Extracranial Vertebral Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
s
nt Ricardo A. Hanel, Leonardo B.C. Brasiliense, Felipe C. Albuquerque,
e
t and Robert F. Spetzler
n
o
C Chapter 19 Aortic Arch Surgery: Indications, Decision Analysis, and Surgical Technique . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Mark D. Morasch and Joseph G. Adel
Chapter 20 Microsurgery for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Andrew F. Ducruet, Philip M. Meyers, and Robert A. Solomon
Chapter 21 Microsurgery for Ruptured Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Rossana Romani, Martin Lehecka, Mika Niemelä, Jaakko Rinne, Tomi Niemi,
Reza Dashti, and Juha Hernesniemi
Chapter 22 Clipping of Complex and Giant Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Christopher S. Eddleman, Rudy J. Rahme, Salah G. Aoun, Andrew J. Fishman,
H. Hunt Batjer, and Bernard R. Bendok
Chapter 23 Surgical Management of Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Christopher S. Eddleman, Rudy J. Rahme, Bernard R. Bendok, and H. Hunt Batjer
Chapter 24 Cavernoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Murat Gunel
Chapter 25 Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Brian J. Jian, Vineeta Singh, and Michael T. Lawton
Chapter 26 Spinal Dural Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Albert J. Schuette, Charles M. Cawley, and Daniel L. Barrow
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Chapter 27 Surgical Approaches to Intracerebral Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Christopher S. Eddleman, Jennifer Jaffe, Rudy J. Rahme, H. Hunt Batjer,
Bernard R. Bendok, and Issam A. Awad
Chapter 28 Radiosurgical Management of Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Douglas Kondziolka, Hideyuki Kano, Huai-che Yang, John C. Flickinger,
and L. Dade Lunsford
Chapter 29 Revascularization of the Brain Using the ELANA Technique:
History, Techniques, Indications, and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
T.P.C. van Doormaal, A. van der Zwan, and Cornelis A.F. Tulleken
IV Neurointerventional Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Chapter 30 Endovascular Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy: Pharmacologic and Mechanical . . . . . . 385
Sabareesh K. Natarajan, Adnan H. Siddiqui, L. Nelson Hopkins, and Elad I. Levy
Chapter 31 Angioplasty and Stenting for Management of Intracranial Arterial Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Andrew J. Ringer, Christopher Nichols, Shah-Naz Khan, Andrew Grande,
Usman Khan, Gail Pyne-Geithman, and Todd A. Abruzzo
Chapter 32 Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Sabareesh K. Natarajan, Adnan H. Siddiqui, Elad I. Levy, and L. Nelson Hopkins
Chapter 33 Management of Vertebral Artery Origin Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
John C. Dalfino and Alan S. Boulos
Chapter 34 Vasodilators and Angioplasty for Cerebral Vasospasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Aditya S. Pandey, Neeraj Chaudhary, W. Christopher Fox,
Byron Gregory Thompson, and Joseph J. Gemmete
s
t
Chapter 35 Aneurysm Coiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 n
e
Erol Veznedaroglu and Rashid M. Janjua nt
o
C
Chapter 36 Approaches to Extracranial and Intracranial Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Peter S. Amenta, Pascal M. Jabbour, and Robert H. Rosenwasser
Chapter 37 Cranial Arteriovenous Malformation Embolization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Yin C. Hu, C. Benjamin Newman, Cameron G. McDougall, and Felipe C. Albuquerque
Chapter 38 Endovascular Management of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Michael C. Hurley, Guilherme Dabus, Ali Shaibani, Eric J. Russell,
and Bernard R. Bendok
Chapter 39 Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation and Dural Fistula Embolization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Timothy Uschold, Richard Lochhead, Felipe C. Albuquerque,
and Cameron G. McDougall
Chapter 40 Promising Advances and Innovations in Neurointerventional Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Omar M. Arnaout, Rudy J. Rahme, Salah G. Aoun, Christopher S. Eddleman,
Anitha Nimmagadda, Michael C. Hurley, Guilherme Dabus, Jeffery Miller,
Sameer A. Ansari, Ali Shaibani, and Bernard R. Bendok
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
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