Hemodialysis Access: Fundamentals and Advanced Management

359 Pages·2017·23.85 MB·English

by  Sherene Shalhub

Sherene Shalhub
Anahita Dua
Susanna Shin
Editors
Hemodialysis Access
Fundamentals and
Advanced Management
123
Hemodialysis Access
Sherene Shalhub (cid:129) Anahita Dua (cid:129) Susanna Shin
Editors
Hemodialysis Access
Fundamentals and Advanced Management

with contributions from Shahram Aarabi
Editors
Sherene Shalhub Susanna Shin
Division of Vascular Surgery Division of Vascular Surgery
Department of Surgery Department of Surgery
The University of Washington The University of Washington
Seattle Seattle
Washington Washington
USA USA
Anahita Dua
Department of Surgery
Medical College of Wisconsin
Brookfi eld
Wisconsin
USA
ISBN 978-3-319-40059-4 ISBN 978-3-319-40061-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40061-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955418
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017
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Printed on acid-free paper
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To our patients who inspire us every day with their strength, resilience,
and compassion.
Pref ace
This book is a labor of love for our patients who live with end-stage renal disease on a daily
basis. The concept was simple and born 2 years ago when I realized that surgeons in the early
years of practice need a comprehensive text to help them navigate the subtleties of care for this
patient population. Maintenance hemodialysis became a reality in 1960, and over two million
people worldwide currently receive treatment with dialysis to stay alive. Although the role of
the surgeon is not especially glamorous, creating a successful hemodialysis access offers a
lifeline for a patient with end-stage renal disease.
The book is designed to be a reference for the surgeons, interventionalists, nephrologists,
and other providers who care for patients with end-stage renal disease. We wanted to create a
multidisciplinary clinical perspective between the various specialties that care for the same
patient. By providing a holistic approach to the issues that impact the patients and their provid-
ers, it is our hope that this will improve patient care and outcomes.
W ith this in mind, we divided the book into sections. The fi rst section places the issue of
maintenance dialysis in perspective by starting with the history of hemodialysis access high-
lighting the successes and failures that brought us to today. The current state of dialysis in the
United States is then addressed, and we asked our colleagues from Japan and Taiwan to give
us another point of view by sharing their own experiences. The section concludes with a dis-
cussion of the ethical issues surrounding dialysis, as the inception of formal medical ethics
began with the evolution of chronic hemodialysis. The second section addresses hemodialysis
access planning with a focus on timing, decision-making, perioperative evaluation, and anes-
thetic considerations. The third section focuses on the technical aspects, the “how to,” for
creating hemodialysis access. The fourth section addresses the advanced skill sets required to
address hemodialysis access dysfunction. The fi nal section covers alternatives to hemodialysis
such as peritoneal dialysis and the criteria for renal transplantation. It also discusses home
hemodialysis, wearable hemodialysis devices, and the outpatient approach to hemodialysis
access.
We dedicate this book to those who have taken upon themselves the mission of caring for
end-stage renal disease patients. It is our sincere hope that you will fi nd the contributions in
this book valuable to your practice.
Seattle , WA , USA Sherene Shalhub , MD, MPH
vii
Acknowledgments
We thank our esteemed authors who have thoughtfully contributed to this book by generously
sharing their personal expertise and knowledge. Special thanks to Dr. Gene Zierler for his sage
advice that guided us in the process of a book publication and to Molly J. Zaccardi, RVT, and
Bonnie Brown, RVT, who kindly contributed representative images from the vascular
laboratory.
ix
Contents
Part I Historical Perspectives and Current State of End Stage
Renal Disease and Hemodialysis
1 Historical Perspectives on Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sherene Shalhub
2 The Natural History of Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fionnuala C. Cormack
3 The Current State of Hemodialysis Access and Dialysis Access
Initiatives in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Matthew B. Rivara and Rajnish Mehrotra
4 Hemodialysis Access Outcomes and Quality Improvement
Initiatives in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Devin S. Zarkowsky and Philip P. Goodney
5 Coding and Billing for Hemodialysis Access Procedures
in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Sean P. Roddy
6 Vascular Access: Experiences in the Aged Japanese Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Sachiko Hirotani , Shinya Kaname , and Shinobu Gamou
7 Hemodialysis Access: Fundamentals and Advanced
Management, the Experience in Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Shang-Feng Yang , Kuo-Hua Lee , and Chih-Ching Lin
8 Ethical Issues in Hemodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Thomas R. McCormick
Part II Hemodialysis Access Planning
9 Timing of Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Mark R. Nehler
10 Preoperative Considerations and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ted Kohler
11 Strategies of Arteriovenous Dialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Bao-Ngoc Nguyen and Anton Sidawy
12 Anesthesia and Perioperative Management Considerations
for the Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis Access Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Koichiro N andate and Susanna Shin
xi
xii Contents
Part III Creating Hemodialysis Access
13 Hemodialysis Access Catheters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Christopher R. Ingraham and Karim Valji
14 The Role of Routine Venography Prior to Fistula Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Berry Fairchild and Ali Azizzadeh
15 Direct Anastomosis: Cephalic Vein Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Rachel Heneghan and Niten Singh
16 Forearm Vein Transposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Jennifer L. Worsham , Charlie C. Cheng , Zulfi qar F. Cheema ,
Grant T. Fankhauser , and Michael B. Silva Jr.
17 Brachiobasilic Arteriovenous Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Sherene Shalhub
18 Hemodialysis Grafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Shawn M. Gage , Ehsan Benrashid , Linda M. Youngwirth ,
and Jeffrey H. Lawson
Part IV Hemodialysis Access Use and Assessment
19 Current Hemodialysis Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Lynda K. Ball
20 Outpatient Surveillance at the Dialysis Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Suhail Ahmad
21 Detecting Pending Hemodialysis Access Failure:
The Physical Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Felix Vladimir , Suhail Ahmad , and Sherene Shalhub
22 Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Creation and Maintenance
of Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Gale L. Tang
23 Duplex Examination of the Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
R. Eugene Zierler
Part V Hemodialysis Access in Special Populations and Ethical Issues
24 Considerations in Pediatric Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Beatriz V. Leong , Sarah M. Wartman , and Vincent L. Rowe
25 Hemodialysis in the Morbidly Obese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Marlin Wayne Causey and Niten Singh
26 Creating Hemodialysis Access in Intravenous Drug Users:
A Vascular Surgeon’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Nam T. Tran
Part VI Hemodialysis Access Dysfunction and Advanced Techniques
27 The Immature Arteriovenous Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Dean Klinger
28 Understanding Intimal Hyperplasia Biology in Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . 245
Seth T. Purcell , Shruti Rao , and Ruth L. Bush
Contents xiii
29 Arterial Inflow Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
C. Ingraham , G. Johnson , S. Padia , and Sandeep Vaidya
30 Hemodialysis Outflow Vein Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Eduardo Rodriguez and Karl A. Illig
31 Central Venous Stenosis and Occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Andrew E. Leake and Ellen D. Dillavou
32 The Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) Graft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Shawn Gage , David Ranney , and Jeffrey Lawson
33 Hemodialysis Access: Fundamentals and Advanced Management . . . . . . . . . . . 281
April Rodriguez and Sherene Shalhub
34 The Infected Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Animesh Rathore and Audra A. Duncan
35 The Thrombosed Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Edward Caldwell and George H. Meier
36 Understanding Hemodialysis Access Recirculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Susanna H. Shin
37 Dialysis Access-Related Steal Syndrome and Neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Sung Wan Ham , Sukgu M. Ham , and Steve Katz
38 Cardiopulmonary Complications of Hemodialysis Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Mariel Rivero and Linda M. Harris
Part VII Hemodialysis Alternatives
39 Renal Transplant Referral and Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Lena Sibulesky , Priyanka Govindan , and Ramasamy Bakthavatsalam
40 Peritoneal Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Jared Kray , and W. Kirt Nichols
41 Home Hemodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Brent W. Miller
42 Portable and Wearable Dialysis Devices for the Treatment
of Patients with End- Stage Renal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Cheong J. Lee and Peter J. Rossi
43 The Outpatient Dialysis Access Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Deepak Nair
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363