Help Your kids with Math

266 Pages·2014·37.72 MB·English

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HELP YOUR KIDS WITH
A UNIQUE STEP-BY-STEP VISUAL GUIDE

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A UNIQUE STEP-BY-STEP VISUAL GUIDE
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, AND DELHI
Project Art Editor Project Editor
Mark Lloyd Nathan Joyce

Designers Editors
Nicola Erdpresser, Riccie Janus, Nicola Deschamps, Martha Evatt,
Maxine Pedliham, Silke Spingies, Lizzie Munsey, Martyn Page, Laura Palosuo,
Rebecca Tennant Peter Preston, Miezan van Zyl

Design Assistants US Editor
Thomas Howey, Fiona Macdonald Jill Hamilton

Production Editor US Consultant
Luca Frassinetti Alison Tribley

Production Indexer
Erika Pepe Jane Parker

Jacket Designer Managing Editor
Duncan Turner Sarah Larter

Managing Art Editor Publishing Manager
Michelle Baxter Liz Wheeler

Art Director Reference Publisher
Phil Ormerod Jonathan Metcalf
First American Edition, 2010
This Edition, 2014

Published in the United States by
DK Publishing
345 Hudson Street
New York, New York 10014

10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–263995 – Jul/2014
Copyright © 2010, 2014 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written
permission of the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available from the
Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4654-2166-1
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions,
premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details contact: DK Publishing Special Markets,
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected].
Printed and bound by South China Printing Company, China
Discover more at
www.dk.com
CAROL VORDERMAN M.A.(Cantab), MBE is one of Britain’s best-loved TV personalities and is
renowned for her excellent math skills. She has hosted numerous shows, from light entertainment
with Carol Vorderman’s Better Homes and The Pride of Britain Awards, to scientific programs such
as Tomorrow’s World, on the BBC, ITV, and Channel 4. Whether co-hosting Channel 4’s Countdown
for 26 years, becoming the second-best-selling female nonfiction author of the 2000s in the UK,
or advising Parliament on the future of math education in the UK, Carol has a passion for and
devotion to explaining math in an exciting and easily understandable way.
BARRY LEWIS (Consultant Editor, Numbers, Geometry, Trigonometry, Algebra) studied
math in college and graduated with honors. He spent many years in publishing, as an author
and as an editor, where he developed a passion for mathematical books that presented this
often difficult subject in accessible, appealing, and visual ways. He is the author of Diversions
in Modern Mathematics, which subsequently appeared in Spanish as Matemáticas
modernas. Aspectos recreativos.
He was invited by the British government to run the major initiative Maths Year 2000, a
celebration of mathematical achievement with the aim of making the subject more popular
and less feared. In 2001 Barry became the president of the UK’s Mathematical Association, and
was elected as a fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, for his achievements
in popularizing mathematics. He is currently the Chair of Council of the Mathematical Association
and regularly publishes articles and books dealing with both research topics and ways of engaging
people in this critical subject.
ANDREW JEFFREY (Author, Probability) is a math consultant, well known for his passion and
enthusiasm for the teaching and learning of math. A teacher for over 20 years, Andrew now
spends his time training, coaching, and supporting teachers and delivering lectures for various
organizations throughout Europe. He has written many books on the subject of math and is
better known to many schools as the “Mathemagician.”
MARCUS WEEKS (Author, Statistics) is the author of many books and has contributed to
several reference books, including DK’s Science: The Definitive Visual Guide and Children’s
Illustrated Encyclopedia.
SEAN MCARDLE (Consultant) was head of math in two primary schools and has a
Master of Philosophy degree in Educational Assessment. He has written or co-written
more than 100 mathematical textbooks for children and assessment books for teachers.
Contents
FOREWORD by Carol Vorderman 8
INTRODUCTION by Barry Lewis 10
1 NUMBERS 2 GEOMETRY
Introducing numbers 14 What is geometry? 80
Addition 16 Tools in geometry 82
Subtraction 17 Angles 84
Multiplication 18 Straight lines 86
Division 22 Symmetry 88
Prime numbers 26 Coordinates 90
Units of measurement 28 Vectors 94
Telling the time 30 Translations 98
Roman numerals 33 Rotations 100
Positive and negative numbers 34 Reflections 102
Powers and roots 36 Enlargements 104
Surds 40 Scale drawings 106
Standard form 42 Bearings 108
Decimals 44 Constructions 110
Binary numbers 46 Loci 114
Fractions 48 Triangles 116
Ratio and proportion 56 Constructing triangles 118
Percentages 60 Congruent triangles 120
Converting fractions, decimals, Area of a triangle 122
and percentages 64 Similar triangles 125
Mental math 66 Pythagorean Theorem 128
Rounding off 70 Quadrilaterals 130
Using a calculator 72 Polygons 134
Personal finance 74 Circles 138
Business finance 76 Circumference and diameter 140
Area of a circle 142 The quadratic formula 192
Angles in a circle 144 Quadratic graphs 194
Chords and cyclic quadrilaterals 146 Inequalities 198
Tangents 148
Arcs 150 5 STATISTICS
Sectors 151
Solids 152 What is statistics? 202
Volumes 154 Collecting and organizing data 204
Surface area of solids 156 Bar graphs 206
Pie charts 210
3 TRIGONOMETRY Line graphs 212
Averages 214
What is trigonometry? 160 Moving averages 218
Using formulas in trigonometry 161 Measuring spread 220
Finding missing sides 162 Histograms 224
Finding missing angles 164 Scatter diagrams 226
4 ALGEBRA 6 PROBABILITY
What is algebra? 168 What is probability? 230
Sequences 170 Expectation and reality 232
Working with expressions 172 Combined probabilities 234
Expanding and factorizing expressions 174 Dependent events 236
Quadratic expressions 176 Tree diagrams 238
Formulas 177
Solving equations 180 Reference section 240
Linear graphs 182 Glossary 252
Simultaneous equations 186 Index 258
Factorizing quadratic equations 190 Acknowledgments 264
Foreword

Hello
Welcome to the wonderful world of math. Research has shown just how
important it is for parents to be able to help children with their education.
Being able to work through homework together and enjoy a subject,
particularly math, is a vital part of a child’s progress.
However, math homework can be the cause of upset in many households.
The introduction of new methods of arithmetic hasn’t helped, as many parents
are now simply unable to assist.
We wanted this book to guide parents through some of the methods in early
arithmetic and then for them to go on to enjoy some deeper mathematics.
As a parent, I know just how important it is to be aware of it when your child
is struggling and equally, when they are shining. By having a greater
understanding of math, we can appreciate this even more.
Over nearly 30 years, and for nearly every single day, I have had the privilege
of hearing people’s very personal views about math and arithmetic.
Many weren’t taught math particularly well or in an interesting way. If you
were one of those people, then we hope that this book can go some way to
changing your situation and that math, once understood, can begin to excite
you as much as it does me.
CAROL VORDERMAN