Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health

509 Pages·2014·6.668 MB·English

by  Fabrizio Bruschi (eds.)

Fabrizio Bruschi Editor
Helminth
Infections and
their Impact on
Global Public
Health
Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global
Public Health
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Fabrizio Bruschi
Editor
Helminth Infections and their
Impact on Global Public
Health
Editor
FabrizioBruschi
DipartimentodiRicercaTraslazionale,N.T.M.C.
Universita`diPisa
Pisa,Italy
ISBN978-3-7091-1781-1 ISBN978-3-7091-1782-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-7091-1782-8
SpringerWienHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014938100
©Springer-VerlagWien2014
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Preface
The helminths are comprised of two distantly related taxa, the roundworm
Nemathelminthes and the flatworm Platyhelminthes, the latter being divided into
cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). Although these groups diverged
evolutionarilymanyhundredsofmillionsofyearsago,theirpatternsoftransmission,
infection,andpathogenesisareinmanywayssimilar.Furthermore,thehostimmune
responsivenesstothesepathogensfollowsatypicalpatternwhichisdominatedbya
Type2(Th2)profilewithasignificantregulatory(Treg)component.
Itwasestimatedthatapproximatelyone-thirdofthealmostthreebillionpeople
who live in extremely poor conditions (less than two US dollars per day) in
developing regions of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas are infected
with one or more helminths. Despite this, helminth diseases are among the
neglectedtropicaldiseases.
AccordingtotheGlobalBurdenofDisease2010Project,morethan14million
of disability-adjusted life years due to disability plus mortality are ascribable to
helminths,butsincetheseareinclinedtogivechronicinfections,theirimpactonthe
qualityoflife,estimatedwiththemoreappropriateparameterquality-adjustedlife
years,iscertainlyenormous.Weshouldtakeintoaccountthathelminthscanaffect
alsolivestock,withafollowingworseningofmalnutritioninpoorcountries.
We may then conclude that this world is still a wormy one, according to the
definitionofNormanStollin1947.
The aim of this book is that to give an overview of the impact of helminth
infections on the global public health, providing informations not only on the
epidemiology,immunologyandimmunopathology,clinicalandlaboratorydiagno-
sis, treatment, and prognosis but also on the present and future perspectives of
control.
Helminths not only cause diseases but they also undermine the future of next
generationsinendemicareas;thenthecontrolofsuchinfectionsisstrategicforthe
developmentofthesegeographicregions.
Thisbookdealswithtwogeneralchapters,oneonthesystematicsandbiologyof
helminths and one on paleoparasitology of helminth infections which shows how
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viii Preface
the mankind has encountered these pathogens for thousands of years, obliging to
changethehabitstoreducetheirimpactonthehealthstatus.
Then, chapters are specifically devoted to the most relevant helminths which
affect the human population such as Schistosoma, Fasciola, and Opisthorchis,
among trematodes; Echinococcus and Taenia spp., among cestodes and soil-
transmitted helminths; and Trichinella, Toxocara, Anisakis, Angiostrongylus,
Strongyloides, and lymphatic and tissue as well as zoonotic filariae, among
nematodes.
Finally,achapteronthepossibleexploitationofhelminth-derivedmoleculesfor
thetreatmentofhumanimmune-mediateddiseasesshowshowtheimprovementof
theknowledgeofthehost–parasiteinterplaymightopennewwaystomedicinein
thefuture.
ThereviewingworkbyClaudioBandi,Jong-YilChai,JorgeCorreale,Nilanthi
deSilva,HubertFerte´,AlbisGabrielli,RayGamble,EisakuKimura,ArneLevsen,
Rick M. Maizels, Pedro Moro, K. Darwin Murrell, Alessandra Nicoletti, Karl
Reinhard,EvanW.Secor,andFernandoSimonMartinisgreatlyappreciated.
ThisbookisdedicatedtoCarloUrbani,theItalianWHOofficerwellknownto
have given the first alarm of SARS outbreak in 2003 and dead because of that
10 years ago. He was a physician, tropicalist, and also a renowned parasitologist
who gave an important contribution to the knowledge of Schistosoma mekongi,
showinghowthebasicresearchisstrictlyrelatedtofieldapplications.
Pisa,Italy FabrizioBruschi
Contents
1 DiversityandHistoryasDriversofHelminthSystematics
andBiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DanteS.Zarlenga,EricP.Hoberg,andJillianT.Detwiler
2 PaleoparasitologyofHelminths. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 29
GinoFornaciariandRaffaeleGaeta
3 Schistosomiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
AhmadOthmanandRashikaElRidi
4 Fascioliasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
S.Mas-Coma,M.D.Bargues,andM.A.Valero
5 ClonorchiasisandOpisthorchiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
EdoardoPozioandMariaAngelesGomez-Morales
6 Echinococcosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
FrancescaTamarozzi,EnricoBrunetti,andDominiqueA.Vuitton
7 TaeniosisandCysticercosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
ElizabethFerrerandTeresaGa´rate
8 Trichinellosis. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 229
FabrizioBruschiandJeanDupouy-Camet
9 Soil-TransmittedHelminthiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 275
AlbisFrancescoGabrielli,AntonioMontresor,andLorenzoSavioli
10 StrongyloidesstercoralisandStrongyloidosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
MasatakaKorenagaandFabrizioBruschi
11 Anisakiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
SimonettaMattiucciandStefanoD’Amelio
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