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H.M. KING CONSTANTINE. Frontispiece, HELLAS AND THE BALKAN WARS By D. CASSAVETTI, M.A. Oxon. J. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THE HON. W. PEMBER REEVES waOrffiaTa fiaO^fiaTU WITH 10 MAPS AND 74 ILLUSTRATIONS FISHER UNWIN T. LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE LEIPSIC: INSELSTRASSE 20 .J^r^ Firstpublished in igi^ [All rights reserved] TO THE GREEK NATION PREhALh viii XVIII, "The Spirit of Hellenism." Possibly that chapter does not indicate sufficiently clearly that the failings of the Greeks therein referred to would probably soon largely de- cfease with the introduction of broader educational methods. As regards the portion descriptive of the naval and military campaigns of the first war, I should say that the information was collected at the time, and thus although this book is published some time after those events, it does not pretend to supply an account based on the considera- tion ofall the facts and documents which bear on them. I am indebted to my father for much assistance over the chapter on Finance, and to Mr. Anthony Kephala and also to my father for their help over the chapter dealing with Agriculture, and also to Commander Cardale, R.N., for his co-operation in the preparation of the account of the naval engagement of December i6, 1912, and for making the plan of it. Of the photographs, many were taken by myself. I am indebted to Miss C. von Birnen for the photograph of Mr. Veniz^los, to Colonel de la Porta for that of the destroyed gun on Bezane, to Dr. Manuel for that of the late Constantine Manos, to Mr. Alexander Melas for the photograph of the late Paul Melas, to Miss Euphrosyne Kephala for those of the Lake of Janina and Lieutenant Votsis, and for other photographs to kind friends who wish to remain anonymous. My acknowledgments are due to The Times in respect ofmaterial contributed by me to its columns. D. CASSAVETTI. J. Shenley, Hertfordshire. December2, 1913. — INTRODUCTION Modern Greece and her people have very seldom been highly favoured by English officialism and the English Press, and, therefore, by English public opinion. Perhaps it was inevitable that during the last twelve months this ill-fortune should have been especially noteworthy. The Greeks have this year not only had to fight the Turks — — whom they rightly attacked and the Bulgarians who attacked them, but have offended the pride of military Austria, and have come into direct and special conflict with the greed and ambitions of the politicians of Italy. This has meant that immensely powerful influences have been at work against them. The friends of four or five nations have attacked them in print from four or five different points at once. The cross-fire has been heavy. And the man in the street cannot be blamed if he has supposed that a nation which is assailed so fiercely here and abroad by so many — — enemies some of them quite respectable must be in the wrong. Or at any rate a little State whose claims cause friction among great Empires must be a danger and a nuisance, to be snubbed and suppressed right or wrong. So has thought the average Briton. This is natural but none the less unjust. The friends of Greece are beginning to protest against it. Individually they are numerous and do not lack ability. If they are to work effectually upon public opinion they must, how- ever, organize. It is with much pleasure that I am able to say that, roused by a sense of the ignorance, indifference, and misunderstandings prevailing in this country about INTROnULIWN X Hellenic affairs, the friends of Greece are organizing to some purpose. In the good missionary woirk which they will undertake Mr. Cassavetti's book will, I venture to think» play a most useful part In its temperate and quietly worded pages it states the Greek case and the part played by Greece in the Balkan imbroglio. These are set out very soberly but very well. One feels that one is reading the words of a patriotic Anglo-Greek, but also of a candid and not uncritical writer. Pleasant and altogether readable, the book, in addition to its story of the war, contains far more information about Greece and its affairs than the incautious reader would suspect from its chatty and unpre- tentious style. It will do good teaching work, dispel pre- judice, and, I venture to predict, bore no one whatever. W. P. REEVES December 8, 1913. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION. By the Hon. W. Pember Reeves ix . CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY: CAUSES OF THE WAR . . I II. ELEUTHERIOS VENIZ^LOS . . • ^3 III. THE NAVY AND NAVAL CAMPAIGJf . .26 IV. THE NAVY AND NAVAL CAMPAIGN (continued) 37 . . V. THE NAVY AND NAVAL CAMPAIGN {continued) -47 . VI. THE ORGANIZATION AND MOBILIZATION OF THE ARMY. 59 VII. THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGN . . . -74 .... VIII. THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGN (continued) 86 . IX. SALONICA -99 X. THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGN (continued) I16 . . XI. THE EPIRUS CAMPAIGN . . . I28 XII. THE EPIRUS CAMPAIGN (continued) . . 144 XIII. THE HOSPITALS., . . - . 160 XIV. ATHENS DURING THE WAR. By "Lascaris" .176 . XV. GREEK WOMEN DURING THE WAR. By "Lascaris" . 188