Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism

222 Pages·1995·7.754 MB·English

by  Gerald Robert Alfred , Taiaiake Alfred

Ith asb eens aitdh abtei nbgo rnI ndiiasbn einbgo rni ntpooi ltsi.c
Ib eilevteh itsob et reub;e cuasbee inbgo rna M ohawokf K ahnawea,Ik
don otr emembae rt imef rfroetmeh ei mpaocftp oliticcofanlli ct.
Kahnawsahkaer weisto ht hceomrm unitmianeys o ft hfee atubrotehs ,
potsiivaen dn egtvaieo,fa m odemI ndieaxnti esnec.Bu tea rolnyI r eal­
izetdh aatsa, c ommnuittyh,Me o hwakso fK ahnawwaekreu en iqiune
them ilitaanndca yg gressievmebneedsdsie ntd h e chaorfao cutre r
politciuclatlau nrdte o,a c etraidne grienoe ht ears peocfto su sro icety.
Iti sa d ifficeuxlietsn tcteh aattt imbersi nfgruss ttriaobnu,wt h ichha s
alsbor outgh hugree warTdhsii.sst hceo tnetxt haptr odveitsh een ergy
fomry w okr,a ndt hibso orke pretssme yn btea sttemtpout n derstand
ande xplaitnh teu romiwlh ichha sb eean c onstafneta toufrl ei ifen
Kahnaweavkeesr i nIcc ea rn emeemrb.
Academiinctse llecwhtauttao lo itzheem rasy s eeomb ivouTshe.
framewoorfuk n derstaIpn udftio nrwgar dh erceo tnaienlsee mntwsh ich
ares uretlhyei nnate knowolfae ndygoenw eh ol ivoenso rn ear
Kahnawakaenhd,a esx pieernctehdceo nflictual Idp ersoibccereI.sn s es
thisse nes,Id o nporte tteona dn yh ighweirs doomnM ohwakc ultourr e
tradiMtyii onnt.e ncdoendt ribauntdmi yoa ns,p tiiroainst, op resae nt
viefwi rmrloyo tienad N atiwvoer ladn ds olidly dgerdion tu hnsec hol­
arlwyo rlAsd o.n weh oi sf ortuennaotuetg owh aliknb othI,t akieta s
myr esponstiobc irleiabttryei dbgetewse etnh e wtowro ltdhsao tt hers
mayu steo h eatlh rei ftsh atvhdeae tv eeldob petweeunsS .o t hibso ok
shoubledr eaads aaunt heanntdui cn compromdeisscerdi opftt hieo n
passtihoaintn fusMeosh awnka tionabluatil ssamos,a d ispclniieadn aly­
siisn forbmyet dhn ee etdoc reaatfr ea mewoirnwk h icthh ceo npctes,
valuaensdi deaolfMs o hawnka tioncaalbni esa mp rpeicatbeydo thers.
Theb oobkeg ana sm yP hDd iststaeiroann,du ndetrht eu teloafg e
NomranU phouffn deerwnta numebro ft ransftoirombnaesf oriet
emeerdga sa s tufrdaym edw ithtihnce on teoxftn aotnial.iT shme1 990
Crisdiusr,i wnhgi ch Mtohhewa k commnuitioefsK ahnawea,k
KanehsaatnadAk kew,e saswneeri en volivnae ndi t nenisnet ecrnaoln ­
flicltae ditnoga m ilitcaornryfo nttiaowni tChan ad(aA lfr1e9d9 a1n)d,
itastf ertmhaf,om redt haec tubaaclk rdotpo m yr esrecaahn dw rtiing.
The1 99C0ri sifso ercdm et os erachf ord eepmeerna intgo w hat
seemefrdo,mt hien siadnie n,c eorheonrtc otnradicsteootfr e yv en.t s
Ib egna tou ndersMtoahnwadk p olitiinct se rmosf tchree atoifo na
politiicdaelloo yg baseodn t radoint,oi rm orea ccauterlyt,h e
2 HEEDl,\;TGH EV OICEOSF O URA"I CESTORS
revittailooinfz akasepey csto ft radiItttih oenbn.e camaep partehnatt
thbees tw ayt ou ndsetraMnodh awpko litwiasc tsh rouafrg ahm ework
whicashs imidl aantu endsetradninogft hdey namiincvsvo elidn t hree ­
crteiaoonfc ommuntiya ntdh ases etroino fp owerasn rdi ghbtasse do n
three -ionertaotni soofic aclu,tl uraanld,p olitbiocnaudlai res.
Int hceo nteoxtf M ohwakn ationatlhi1es9 9m0C, r isainsdo hter
confrotnatiwointtshh set aatrene o sto i moptranitna ndo ft heemlsves,
buatr sei gnainfitc basen chmrakisn t hper goreosfst hMeo hawpk eo­
plteo waradc tualtihezigirnoa glE sa. cchr ihseihistg etnhsee xp ecaitton
ofan eventrueasllou otni tohfce o mmunitlyo'nssgt -andignrgi ecvesan
agaitnhssett aantde b,r inogusit n tecrnaonlt rcatdiiownhsi cahry ee tto
ber esvoeldw ithtihnce o mmuniitteyls fC.r isaensdc oflnicitne ffect
provtihdee imfpoetrth urese e -valtuiaoonfhs i staonrdcy u lteusrsee n­
titaolm ainntianiags aliesnett p oolfia tlvi aclues.
Ic amet ou ndsetranpdo liltc ioncflaiasc tt hnee csesaryb yp-roduct
ofr eejctitnhgleg e acoyfa nu njsuth istanodrt yh set rugtgorl ee- inte­
grattrea ditviaolnuiaenls tchomem untiyD.i ffeenrvti ewosnt hnea ture
andm enainogft raidoilnte dat oi ntefrnaaclt ionaanldci onsflmi ccth;a l­
lengtihnlega wasn d uscttruorfeac s o olnilr aegilmaeed tso r ecatiboy,n
andc ofrnontatwiiotnthsh, se t aTthei.is st hperi cteob ep aidf oern gga­
inigna n ationasalsietsritno -fobre nigt ruteot hwei sdoanmd i ntegri­
tyo fo utrr adiftoihroee nd,i tnhgve o icoefos u arn cestso.r
COMMUNITYP ROFILE
Kalmawakei sl otceadon t hes otuhs horoeft he StL awrneceR iv,e r
15km sotuho fd owntoMwonnt reKaalh.n awalkaned'b sas eo f1 20,00
acriensc luwdheasit sk nowasn thKea hnawIakned iRaenes rvseu,p ­
pleemntbeyd tDhoen ctaseIrn diRane sveera,t errinteoarSry t e-Agathe­
deso-nMtsQ,u eebc, sharde witthh eM ohwakso fK anehtskaae.
Additlil,oty nhaeM ohwakso fK ahnawacklieam o wnersohfit ph e
SeigrniedeueS auSltt- Loau1 i86s0s, e iginaiglor ranwth icihn clutdhee s
cuneRnets veeasr welasl a pproixmat2e4l0,y00 a creosfa dditiloannda l
ont hRee esrvee'asst ebrno redrp,re setnlayl ienfraotmet dh Meo hwaks
ando cucpiebdy a n umebro fn o-nIdniamnu nipcailities.
At$ 300,0,t0 heM ohwakso fK ahnawahkaev oen oef t hhei ghtp eesr
fan1ilyan nuailcn omeso fa nyN ativceom munitiynC anada. The
Mohwaksh avter aditieonngaealdgli ynm ob�iee mploymte,mn ost
notabhliygs ht eceoln struoccctuiapotonin sT.h ehya vree ctelnrye ­
focusetdh eeifrf oorntds e velotphieln gol c eacnoomy, and most
Mohwaksn owd eritvhee iinrc omdeisr ecotril nyd irfreoctmel ihyte r
governmseonrtuec so rl olcb auseisnsT.h em osrte ctes ntatciscs otmi­
piloendK ahnawak'eso vercaaslhlfl owi nidctaet ha6t6 %o fi ncoimse
derivfreodm g overnmetnrtan sfpeayrm ent2s0,%i sd erivfreodm
off-eRsveers arileas1,%3 froml olcb aunseis,as nd1 %fr omi nvestment
inocmeT.h ese fidgoun roeitscn lusduesb tanitcnioaml ewsh ich were
untrielec ntdleyr difr voemM ohawekm ploymenetn tanrde prsehniepu r
int huen dergreocuoonnmdy r isingt hefr otmr addei satnrdi obfut ion
taxfr-eet obcacpor doutcs.
TheT erriotfoK rayh nawiaskg eov ernedb ya B andC onucicla lled
thMeo hawCk onuciolfK ahnaw(aMkCeK T)h.eC onuciilsc omposoefd
a GranCdh iaenfd e lveenC onucimle mbsee rlecbtye dpa ul raliotyf
votiensa b inenigaelen raell eicotAnn .E xceutiCvoemm ittemea duep
of tCwoonu cimle mebsr,th rseeen isotrafa fm ,an age,a rndt hGer and
Chiheasfb eedne lteegodape ratiaountarhlio ty.
Theraer et hrepea ralilneslto intsmu todielloend tthrea ditional
Iroqumoodiescl a lleLdo nghowuhsiecsrh e persetn, aop nol itliecvale l,
thosMeo hawkwsh od entyh lege itimaocfty h Ien diAacnt -chartered
MCKT.h et raditIiroonqaulo isg-osvteyrnelmnetr se preenstt hefo cla
ponito fs ocicalu,l tuanrda ploi,lt iaccatli fvoiarts yi gfniicamnitonr ity
ofK ahnawaMkeoh awkWsh.i lteh earrece onflitcinogp inioonnt sh e
insttiitomuno tsa pproptroir aetper esent antdh cegom omvuneirnto yn
thpeo litilvceealla, d misntiratainvdfe ia nnciraeplson sibiilsei xtcyl u­
sivevleys tientd he M CK.
Kahnawhaaskr ee assmueda uthoritpyrg oroavmaesnr d s rveiceisn
an umbeorfj ruisdicarteiaosTn.ha ilis n clucdoetnsr oilnw holoer in
paritnt hefo llwoinsge tcorjssu:it c(eC ourotf K ahnawake and the
KahnawaPkeeca ekpeeres,e) ducaitons,oc lis aevircehse,lat ahn,de co­
nomidcee vlpometnI.n stointisun at ilolft hesseec tsoh ravbee ecnr te­a
edb yM CKd irecotrbi yvg er ass-rionoittsi Maotsiatvr ege.o vernbeyd a
Board oCro mmitteoef c ommunimtyem besr repersetninag c ross­
setcioonft hpeop ulation.
Kahnawahkase a lsdoe veeldoa p dense infrasotfnr ou-ncogvt­ure
ernmentaaclt tiivieTsh.e raera en umbeorf y otuhp rgoramasn di nitia­
tivsesoi,ca cll busl,a nguraegtee natndi ocnu ltudrealv eleonpptmr o­
grmas,a ndan actisvpoert sp rgoraemp seicalslrtyo nign wr estling,
hocyk,se otfbaanldl l,a ocsrsKea.h nawhakasea l olcr aadsitoao tnia,
newspaapnedarb ,o osktore.
OUTLINOEFC HAPTERS
Thep urposoeft hisst uidsy etxoam inteh e cpesrsoo fg olaf ormaitino n
thceo tnexotfN ativNeor tAhm ericcoamnmu niptolyi stI.it cpsa rticular
focuists oe xpliant her esuerngcoefa s teo fg olasan ds ttreagiemebes d­
dedw ithtihnte r aditpiolointaciluc latlou fra e Natciomvmeun itlye ad­
intgo t hases retioofanr adifocralm o fN ativseov ernetiyag,so popsed
toa prcoesosfp oliticchaaln lgaeed intgofu rthienrt egrwaittiho n
Canadoart hUen itSettda es.
TheM ohawkso fK ahnawakwee re seleacsta ecdas es tudbye cuase
of theiprr ominenicnet heas sertion wohfa th asb een mteedrN ative
soveretiygI.nn vestigaotfti hoein d eoglioclab asifso rt heM ohawk rejec­
tioonf i mposeidn stitutlieaodnsts o t hea doptioofna tehoertcialfra me­
workb asedu pont heorioefns a toinalism.
ChapteTwro detaitlhse e mergeen cofK ahnawakase ad istinct
politiecnatli tays,t hep eoplew ho letf theira ncestravli llagients h e
MohawkR iveValrl eyf orK ahnwaakes ouhgtt oc retaea uniquceo mmu­
nityc,on scoiusldyr awinogn e leemntfsr omt he Iroquociusl tuwrhei le
adaptitnhegm sevlest ot hep oilticraela lifotm1ye d byt hec onsolidation
ofE uroepanc oolniaelm piresw ithitnh eitre rrriyt.o
Theu niqureo lteh eK ahnawakMeo hawksp lyaedd urintgh ec olo­
niaelr ac reatae pdo litical courliteunrtpeer di martiolwya rtdh ep reesr­
vatioonfl oclaa utono,ma yndt he maintenncaeo fc ulturanadl p olitical
boundariebset weenK ahnawakean d othepro lictail communities­
Na tivaen dn ewcomearl kie.
ChapteThrr eeo utlintehsem odern histoorfyK ahnawake,i llus­
tratihnogw thec ommunity'isn itiaulnleyv eanc commdoatoin oft he
industraigaell e dt oa rupturient het radointaiplo liticcuallt udreev el­
opedw ithiann I roquoipaarna dgim.A trantsiiopnh aes was character­
izebdy d ijsuncturbeet weent hed ominnate leemntso ft he traditional
paragdmi,fo rmed ina na geo fp owera ndi nfleunce,a ndt he instiotnu­ti
alfr ameworkr eflcetivoeft hec ommunity'rse udcedp oilticpaolw earn d
staturWei.t hitnh ec ommunityt herweas disargeemetn atso t heb est
strtaegfyo rg uaratneeinKgah nawak'esl on-gtermv iabilitrye-tau rnt o
traditioornfu sr theirn tegratiinotnot he economya ndi nstiotnuatli
frameworko ft he Euro-Aemricasntt aesE.v entuatlwloyo pposipnogl it­
iclab locfso rmed,e achr eflcetintgh ei nabiloiftM yo hawksd urintgh e
transitipohnaaesl t ou nifye leemntso ft heitrr aditicounlatlu wriet h
20th-centpuoryl itiecxailg encies.
Durintgh e1 970sa nd1 980st,h ev alueasn dp rinciprleepsr eensta­
tivoef t het raditionpahliilsots opbhecyam e thed omnianti deolyo ign
Kahnwaake.Tr aditionianls tiotnust-irepreesntedb y the inrceased
Kaienerekowa
salienocfyt he withitnh ec ommunityt,h ea doptioofn
keyc onecptfrso m theh istortircaadli toifo nt Mhoeh awkn atoin's exter­
nalr eltaionasn,d r eviltieazdl inkst ot heI roquoCiosnf ederac'ysp oliti­
cals tructuret-hiepn e rceptioofMn ohawkss upplanttehdes ysteomf
governmeinmtpo sebdy C anadiaanu thoriast itehsea pproprifraatmee ­
workf orp oilitcisn K ahnawake.
ChapteFros ura ndF ivei ncorproatae pesrpecitveo fn ationalism
outnleidi nt hei ntroductdoirsyc uisosna,n dd escrieb thee volutioofn
traditionanadl itshmec onsloidatioofan n ationaildiesloto gbya seodn
thet enetosfa modiifedI rouqosi systeomf p oilitclat houghatn dt radi­
tionlI arouqoiisn stiotnust.i
ChpateSri dxe sicebrsh owt raodnitailihsaspm ermeatetdh een tire
politiccuallt iunrK ea hnawaIkte .ws ihlolwh owt heb andc onucil,
origicnhaalrltye urneddet rh ea usipceosft heI ndiAacnth ,as been
traonmrsefdi ntaon i nstruomfeM nothw aks e-lfgovernmIenndte.e d,
thceo mmunihtays tatkhieem np etpurso vibdyet dh oer igitnraadli ­
tiolniaasctt iviasntdtrs an sformedt raditiofrnoamal m iasrmg irnea­lli
giso uand cumlotvueremanlit n tom aai nstrveeahmif corl et hses ­ea.r.
tioonfM ohwakp ower.
ChaptSeevre ne xmainetsh eeff ecotft wok eye venitnts h ceo ­m
munithyi'sst aornydp reesntas fr ameworfko ru nderstatnhdei ng
incsreeudar egnyca nds torngaesrs ieorontf hMaownka tionsanilcies m
th1e79 0sIn .a ' sf-eoclnscitoruasod nitail'iv sarmioeulse emntwsi thai n
cultaruerh ei ghtleiodgr hd ownplaiyne dean f fotroct er ataefr ame­
worfko r atshsee rotfpi oowne wrh icahcc ommdoateesss entsitaalbllye
corec ultuvraualelsy ,e itsa pproptroit ahets eh iftdienmgan dosft he
evolvpiontlgii lce anvironmIenntte.r abcettwieoennK ahnawake and
Canadiane ffeccrt teeaasn e nvironcmonednutc ivteh dete ovl eopemnt
ofa lternaitditevinet ianeds t hep oisting of ailntsetrniattuitvieo nal
frameworbketst esru idtt eot haec hvieemeton fg olasf1 owing tfrhoem
imepratiovfte hesr evitvreadd itIirouonoqainlc a utluer.
CHAPTERO NE
Wea reb ornF reemeann,dh avneo d ependeentichee'u rp on
OnononotrCi ool aW'r:eh avaep oiuteogr ow herweep leatsoe ,
condutcw how ew iltlot hpel ac'Weers e sotroat,n dt ob uya nd
se'Wlhle rwee t hifniktIf .y ouarl laireyeso usrl avoerys o ru
ch'ildyreonu,m aye 1Jetner atth eams s ucha,n dr obt heomf
theli'irb eorfet nyt erlaa'irinyi onhtge Nra tiobnu yto ur o1 wn.
IroquChoiiesf,1 7tChe tnury
Duritnhge cfievtneu rioefEs u reoanpo ccpuatioonft heliarn dNsa,t ive
pepoelsh avbee ednsi easedde,f teeada,n d doissspesasleomdst to t he
ponito fe xtionnc.t i
Entinraet iwoenrsde e rsotydeb yi nvadarimnigse ;N ativsep iritual
belsia endfr eligsiyosutsew mesrd ei sprtduea ndd evaeldbu yr eligious
zealloatnsg;u waegeert sa ugohutt eoxfi sctebe ync ultiumreparli a;l ists
vastt erritowreirseets o laennd ienndoiusgso clia andp olitiicnaslt itu­
tiownesr uen denremida ndo utlaiwnet dh ien teroefWs hti tpee ople.
ThiissN otrhA merinc haistfroormy tNhatei vpeer sepcvteiI.t i sa
tragewdiyta h c otninuliencggya soofac lip ahtolyo sghadowtihneg
extiesnocfee veNrayt ivpeer osn.
IndiaanndIs n uairtse t idlela lwiintgth h seh octkh edseev astating
lossheasvw er ouguhpotn t hesiocri ieetBsu.tt heirsea g rowicnog­n
vicotnai mongN atipveepo letsh atth eD arkA ges areS oomvaeer rc.
evevne nturtiocn egbl rea.tW eitah g rowirnegia zlatiooftn h eoiwrn
inheraebnitlt iost uyr vasi vpeep olaen dp esriasstn atioNnast,i svocei ­
etiaersde e velotphicenon gfi dentcoase s etrt hemvseebslo thc ultural­
lya ndp olictalilIynt. h e arecau lrote,ftu hicso nifdenicsme a neisftiend
aw illintgonr eesviscv uel tutrraald itiounsste h aeasnm d ab asis for
developnienwmg e anso fe xpressainodcn e blreiatoFnr.o pmo w-wows,
sund anceasn,ds weegtr ascse remotnois ehsots r tioerrso,c mku sic,
andd ancea,la lr ceh aerdgw itphri dAel.w afiyrsm lryo otetdh peias nt ,
Nativart ef omrsc,er emonaineds ,w rtiatkitenh gve a lueemsb eddiend
RECONCEPTUANLlAZTIINOGN ALlSM7
traditfioornmaasnl de xpretshsei mna n eww ayf otro dya'gse neration,
ine ffecctr eatnionvged le vifcoetrsh ter ansmiosfas nicoinve anltu es
andar eviitzaeNlda ticvuel ture.
Natipvoetl iicissi nfusweidt mhu chth sea mdey nameince rIgny .
thpe olitiscpahle Nraet,i svoeec tiiaersea b andoniinnsgt itauntdi ons
valuwehsi cwhe riem opseodn t hebmy f orocret hroutghihen sidious
operaotfias osni milpatrgioromans T.h eayr ree -examtihnreio nsogo t f
theoiwrn N atipvolei tiincsatli tauntdti hocena nso no fN atitvheo ught
ina c onscieofufsot rort e -disacs oevotef vr a luaensdp olitpircianlc i­
pleAsn.d i nt hipsr oceosfps o litriecvaiiltz aaoltniN,a tipvoel itical
thinkhearvbsee easn i nnovaast tihvmeeo stc reatairvtiein rs te -orient­
intgr aditfoim1osn taosl u iant e wp olitriecaalli ty.
Obseervros ft hep otliilcp aroscsefr om witahnidfrn o mo utside
Natisvoec iehtaivetese ndtehdu fsa tro c haracttehrreie zvleii tzaation
as am ovemetnotw arsd enhnace'ds elf-govpeornmweenrtos'ra n
expandecdo nceopf't ba orgiinrailg sh.'Bt utt hesaree n arrvoiwe ws
which astshuamNtea tipvolei tfiunccst iionna nse nvironment created
exclvueslbiyyn on-NatTihovsees .ws heote h dee finfienagto ufrm eo d­
emN atipvoielt iasc asna ttemtpost yn chroNnaitzievv ael uaensdi nsti­
tutiwointsth h osoeft hed ominsaonitce tayr ter appewdi thaip na ra­
digemxp rescsrleya ttoes du bdNuaet ipveeo ples.
Inc onseirditnhgde e vleompenotft heniatri oNnast,i pveeol pedso
notta kteh per eseinntte -rcnoaillaoslny stase mt herierf erpenoncite.
Losotnm anoy bsreveirsts he ftahacmtto tsN atipveoep lveise nwo ­n
Na tiivnes titaustt riaonnssi atnodsr uyp erffleuaotuusor fte hse piortl ii­
cale xisteTnhcese t.r uctwuhriechsha vbee ecnr eatteocd ol onize
Natinvaet idoonn so rte presaenan ctc eptfraabmleew ofrokcr o -exis­
tenbceet wetehnie n dniogueasn dn ewcomesro ectiies.
Int hree latiboentswheiNepan t ipveepo leasn tdh deo minsaonicte ty,
thewrase focre ntuaro inees- wtarya nsoffkne orw ledagnede rosoifo n
Naticvuel truerseu lfrtoimne fgf otrtoas s siilmaNtaet ipveeo pilnet o new
sociaanld c ultiunrsattli itouTnhse.s amem indswehti cdhr ovsec hloars
andp olyi-cmakteorc sa lflot rh ed estruocftN iaotnil vaen guargeelsi,­
gionasn,dc eremoonnit ehsbe asiso ft heir suopbpsoosleeds icse nce
nowi nfluensccihlnoargsa ndp oicly-makwehrois n stihsatt Nsaoctii­ve
etiaecsc omdmaotree albiyst hyi fttihnegvi arl ugeosla,sa ,n do bjectives
toc orrestpoto hnveda lugeosla,sa ,n do bjectoiftv hedeso minsaonicte ty.
Ther adicchaall lteon gete hxei stoirndgwe hri cNha tipvoel itical
golasr epreissem nits rebaytd h ossce hloarsw hof ocuosn a s maalnld
insiifgincpaanrottft hmeo vement,i siw nhe iscshe ntchreea tionaliza­
tioonft hceo olniaadlm initsito'rneSa.l- fogvernmehnastb 'e eann alysed
as self-manaagnedasm ecnotnt situtrieofnoarblmu ,tw itthh es ame
one-wcaoypm romiosfep rinclieap ndf undamecnhtaanlgw eh ich
8 HEEDITNHGVEO ICEOSFO t:RAN CETSORS
chraacitzeeredf foartta sss imtioilnai nd eacdepsas t( Barsahn d
Hender1s9o8nE0 n;ge lst1a9d 9F2l;e raansdE ll1i9o29t) .
A fundameflnatwia nsl u canha lysiiss ltahkceo fa ppreicatifoonr
thbeas ipcr emiosfte hem ovemefrnotm t hNea tivpeer psecivt'en:a tion­
als'ov ergenitiysn oste eanso pposetdos elf-maenmeangotr a l imited
concpetioof'n a borirgiignhwatilst 'ht ihnce on fineosfa E uro-Ameircna
poltiicfralan1 eworIkn m any actNiatvievc eom munietsti,h seo vegrne­i
tym ovement nioswc haracteedbr yie zfforttors e-sctornutchtee le­
mentosfn aitohnoorda thtehrat nod evetlhompee anfso frurt heirn te­
gratNiatnigv ienstt oh ien sttiitoounfts h deo minsaonctti yRe.e ylinogn
indioguesvn aluaensdp ripnlceiansd onu niqcuoen ecptioonfks e y
terimnst hdee bate,N amtaicnvomyem unithiaevesem brakeodna r ad­
ialclyd iefrfepnta th thainn trteahgteip vroece sserse psreentbeyd
cliamfso sref l-governomrea nbto rigriingahlts .
A numboefrs chloarsh avree cnoigztehdie n digennaotuuosrft e he
patohfp oltiilcd aeveloepnmnto wu ndewary i nm anNy ativceom muni­
tiefosc,u sionntg h lea rgely einngtidenrrneia vlti hnpego l itpircoaecls s
amonNga tipveepo els( Botl1 d99C3orn;e l1l9 8L8o;n 1g9 9.T0 h)ibso ok
wilblu ildt hoegnr oundwloaribkdy t hosweh oh avaen aleydts he
proecsass ac osnistsetngrtgu lteor evliitvzaaer ious incdutilugre­nous
ala ndp olitiicnaslt itiuntt ihoehn osp oef r estotrhiein nggt reiotfy
natiocnomamlu nietsIi.ti nvesttihgpear tcoesessb yw hciha p ronmeitn
Nativceo mmnuithyas deevlopane di deoyl oofgn atiopnoaililtc la
revliittzaiaoann,dm ovesb eyonidt cson structoifao frna mewokr of
undetrandsinfgo Mro hawpko ilitctsoa na nalyosffi asc toofbr rs odaer
signainfeci icnc omparinogt hecras eso fp oilticchaaln rgoeo tiend
etlmo-natmioovneeamnlt.is st
Whilteh teh eoreltiitcearlsa utrurroeu ntdhiies nsgou fne a tionalism
ignotrhepesa rtifconunlo afnr at ioenn-tcrpeoldi ticale vaicdtieinnv ti ty
Nativceom muniiettsh,e hraebs eeanb raodenionfg tchoenp ctefr om
ani nitsitatalele-ync trmeodd etloo nteh aetn comspsaevsa oruiest hnic
ands ub-sptolaitteci comamlu niietsT.h"ih sa msa de rfoooarmd eeper
undetransdinogf n ationaanlides nomcu rgaetdh cer teiaoonfa na na­
lyttiocoa lpp roprtiota thNeea ticvonet ext.
Mosetar lifeorr mulaotfni aotniso nwaelribesa ms eodnt hiem op­
sitioofan c omomnc ultaunrdte h ger adhuoalm oegnitziaoonfv alues
withais no ectiIyn.e quatsihrnaegc du tluraatlit brutweistn hat ihoono,d
theres awnae vdienbti atso wartdh ep articru elxpaerienocfe
Eureoapns oicetaindea sg ainnons-tW estvearnle usT.h erweas asw ell
ani nehretrn jeetcioonft hied eoaf lctuudrialv erwsiitthayis no icety.
Ont hweh olen,a tionwalaisns amr rosweleyan st hdee veleonpotmf
institsupetciiotfinotcs h Wee stecrnot nexotrt heiimrp ositthoiruognh
Euroepan coolnziatiionvn a riopuasrt so ft he worldI.nt his view,
naotnialiiss:m
RECONCEPTUNAALTOIINZAILNIGS M 9
thgee enrailm opsitoifao n hicguhl tounrs eo cyi,we hterper eviously
lowc ultuhraeds tuapkt ehnle i voefts h mea jotryai,n di ns omcea sse
thet oltiatoyft, he p opulaIttmi eonans.t hgee enralidziueffsdi oofna
school-dmietaeda,c ademy-issuepided rivocmo,id fiefdo trh ree quire­
mensto fr easaobnlpyr ecbiusree aautciarcn dt cehnololcg omimcuani­
cat.i( oGenlln1e89r35 :)7
Thei nherbeinastt o wartdh pea rticuWlesatrelfrnyo romf t hnea tion­
buiilndpgr ociesrs esfl ecatgeadii ntn h lei nkoafng aeot nihoodt oe xclu­
siveWleys tefrno rmosfs oaclri etliaotnhsa,it s :
thees tabliosfha mnae nnotmn oyusi,me prsosnoaicle twyi tmhu tually
substitauttoamebidliz en dividutalosgh eehtareb lodva elb ly a s hared
cult.ur.ie.n p l aocfea p revicoomupsl esxt rucotful roelcg arosu,p
susnteadbiy f olcku lturreepsru ocdeldoa cllayn did iosyncrbayt ically
thmeic ro-grtohuepmss e(lGveelsl.n1 e9r85 3)7:
Moerr eecnfto rmulaotfni aotniso nhaalvidese mv eeldoa sp ohpisti­
cateudn derstaonftd hiceno gm epxlietsii nvolvtehdce o nisnlo itdiaon
ofn atioennatli tBireasssse .'x cleelnets s(a1y 99h1ig)h ltihgreho tlsoe f
eiltceo pmetitainodln e aderaschtiipio nnt shp er oceFsrso.tm h ipse­ r
specti,nv aetioniasml oierst mh atnh iem opstiioonfa h ighceurl tounr e
ap revioduisvleysr oscet iyIe.ti nvolevxpelcsii cto ndseiratoifto hne
natuarnedu soef p oiltipcoawle irnt he proccersesat aionnfdmg a in­
taingionvge rnmeanuttahlo (rBirtasy1s 99 12:6 ).
Brasesx plictahitene tse raocfft aicotnso urcsh adsi stthrei bution
ofm aterainadol r ganizarteisoonuaarlnc dee msp hasiczonetse ixntt h e
consiedratoifgo onv ernmernetsoapnls aensdt hgee naelpr otliilcc aon­
tex(t19 914:1 T)h.i fso rmulpartoiivodnet shb ea siosfa na dequtahtee­
orectalfri ane1woryke,bt y i tsiertle fm aiinnss uffidcueit eoin ttss i ngu­
lafroc uso nt hter ansiotfei tohnng irco umpov ementisn tsot atAse s.
witphr evitohueso r,i sBtrssasese nsa tionawliitshmip ne srpae cvtei
solyeo lriednt toeward tesrtraiotteoohdtr,oit ahnle e gtlo efwc hamta y
bet emred' non-sntaattiiosntia'dl eioslto gies.
The dionmafnotr muloaftni aotni onlaalcitkshsmne e ecsrsyad epth
toi cnorpoartet hee xperienocfpe ol iticcoamlum nitrieeasc ttion g
Westeprno tliicaanldc ultuhreagle myo.Tn oa c etraienx teintrt e pre­
snetst hae orlec toincsatarnudcu tn derstaonfhd iisntgwo hriyc hhas
comteo siWgensitfyec rinv itliioyznea,it tt r uilcnyo rpoarteass eclteive
memoyro ft hEeu reoanpe xpericeeni nn atibouni-nlgdT.ih eorists have
crteeaadm odeolfn ationbaasleiudspm o ann arrvoiwe owfo naes epct
ofE uropheiasnt aonrdayp lpieitasd thgel olbs atandard.
Thesmeod elwse rdee sigwnietdha ip na radwihgimcv ha leus,a to r
letasa ccpetst,hs ee otf as sumptionusn dtehrdagetidc r olaoilnsimB.y
defininnagt ionailnt iesrmm st hocefr eatoifao sny nthes'ihziignhg'