Heavy Metals in the Environment (Advances in Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment)

492 Pages·2009·16.58 MB·English

by  Lawrence K. Wang

HEAVY METALS
IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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ADVANCES IN INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS
WASTES TREATMENT SERIES
Advances in Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment (2009)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and Yung-Tse Hung
Waste Treatment in the Metal Manufacturing, Forming, Coating,
and Finishing Industries (2009)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and Yung-Tse Hung
Heavy Metals in the Environment (2009)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, J. Paul Chen, Nazih K. Shammas,
and Yung-Tse Hung
Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment, Volume II (2010)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, and Nazih K. Shammas
RELATED TITLES
Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment (2004)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H. Lo,
and Constantine Yapijakis
Waste Treatment in the Food Processing Industry (2006)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H. Lo,
and Constantine Yapijakis
Waste Treatment in the Process Industries (2006)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H. Lo,
and Constantine Yapijakis
Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment (2007)
edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H. Lo,
and Constantine Yapijakis
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................................... vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................................... ix
Contributors ................................................................................................................................ xi
Chapter 1 Metal Research Trends in the Environmental Field ................................................. 1
Yuh-Shan Ho and Mohammad I. El-Khaiary
Chapter 2 Toxicity and Sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Radionuclides
in the Environment ................................................................................................. 13
Ghinwa M. Naja and Bohumil Volesky
Chapter 3 Environmental Behavior and Effects of Engineered Metal
and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles .............................................................................. 63
Bernd Nowack
Chapter 4 Heavy Metal Removal with Exopolysaccharide-Producing Cyanobacteria .......... 89
Roberto De Philippis and Ernesto Micheletti
Chapter 5 Environmental Geochemistry of High-Arsenic Aquifer Systems ....................... 123
Yanxin Wang and Yamin Deng
Chapter 6 Nanotechnology Application in Metal Ion Adsorption ........................................ 155
Xiangke Wang and Changlun Chen
Chapter 7 Biosorption of Metals onto Granular Sludge ....................................................... 201
Shu Guang Wang, Xue Fei Sun, Wen Xin Gong, and Yue Ma
Chapter 8 Arsenic Pollution: Occurrence, Distribution, and Technologies .......................... 225
Huijuan Liu, Ruiping Liu, Jiuhui Qu, and Gaosheng Zhang
Chapter 9 Treatment of Metal-Bearing Effl uents: Removal and Recovery .......................... 247
Ghinwa M. Naja and Bohumil Volesky
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vi Contents
Chapter 10 Management and Treatment of Acid Pickling Wastes Containing
Heavy Metals ........................................................................................................ 293
Lawrence K. Wang, Veysel Eroglu, and Ferruh Erturk
Chapter 11 Treatment and Management of Metal Finishing Industry Wastes ....................... 315
Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 12 Recycling and Disposal of Hazardous Solid Wastes Containing Heavy
Metals and Other Toxic Substances ..................................................................... 361
Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 13 Management and Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil ............... 381
Nazih K. Shammas
Chapter 14 Remediation of Metal Finishing Brownfi eld Sites ............................................... 431
Nazih K. Shammas
Chapter 15 Control, Management, and Treatment of Metal Emissions from
Motor Vehicles ..................................................................................................... 475
Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, Jun He, and Lawrence K. Wang
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Preface
Environmental managers, engineers, and scientists who have had experience with industrial and
hazardous waste management problems have noted the need for a handbook series that is compre-
hensive in its scope, directly applicable to daily waste management problems of specifi c industries,
and widely acceptable by practicing environmental professionals and educators. Taylor & Francis
and CRC Press have developed this timely book series entitled Advances in Industrial and
Hazardous Wastes Treatment, which emphasizes in-depth presentation of environmental pollution
sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations,
process alternatives, costs, case histories, effl uent standards, and future trends for each industrial or
commercial operation, and in-depth presentation of methodologies, technologies, alternatives,
regional effects, and global effects of each important industrial pollution control practice that may
be applied to all industries.
Heavy Metals in the Environment is the third book in the Advances in Industrial and Hazardous
Wastes Treatment series. The importance of metals, such as lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, cop-
per, nickel, iron, and mercury, is discussed in detail. They could be important constituents of most
living animals, plants, and microorganisms, and many nonliving substances in the environment.
Some of them are essential for growth of biological and microbiological lives. Their absence could
limit growth of small microorganisms to large plants or animals. However, the presence of any of
these heavy metals in excessive quantities will be harmful to human beings, and will interfere with
many benefi cial uses of the environment due to their toxicity and mobility. Therefore, it is fre-
quently desirable to measure and control the heavy metal concentrations in the environment.
In a deliberate effort to complement other industrial waste treatment and hazardous waste
m anagement texts published by Taylor & Francis and CRC Press, this book, Heavy Metals in the
Environment, covers the important results in research of metals in environment. In the fi rst two
chapters, the recent research trends and the toxicity and sources of heavy metals are covered. The
processes and mechanisms on metals in the environment are covered in Chapters 3–7; they are the
environmental behavior and effects of engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, environ-
mental geochemistry of high arsenic aquifer systems, nanotechnology application in metal ion
adsorption, biosorption of metals, and heavy metal removal by exopolysaccharide-producing
cyanobacteria. In Chapters 8–14, technologies for metal treatment and management are addressed.
These cover technologies for metal bearing effl uents, metal contained solid wastes, metal fi nishing
industry wastes, metal fi nishing brownfi eld sites, and arsenic contaminated groundwater streams.
Metal in the atmosphere can greatly affect health of human beings. Chapter 15 addresses control,
treatment, and management of metal emissions from motor vehicles.
Special efforts were made to invite experts to contribute chapters in their own areas of expertise.
Since the area of hazardous industrial waste treatment is very broad, no one can claim to be an
expert in all heavy metals and their related industries; collective contributions are better than a
single author’s presentation for a book of this nature.
This book, Heavy Metals in the Environment, is to be used as a college textbook as well as a
reference book for the environmental professional. It features the major hazardous heavy metals in
air, water, land, and facilities that have signifi cant effects on the public health and the environment.
Professors, students, and researchers in environmental, civil, chemical, sanitary, mechanical, and
public health engineering and science will fi nd valuable educational materials here. The extensive
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viii Preface
bibliographies for each heavy metal or metal-related industrial waste treatment or practice should
be invaluable to environmental managers or researchers who need to trace, follow, duplicate, or
improve on a specifi c industrial hazardous waste treatment practice.
A successful modern heavy metal control program for a particular industry will include not only
traditional water pollution control but also air pollution control, soil conservation, site remediation,
groundwater protection, public health management, solid waste disposal, and combined industrial–
municipal heavy metal waste management. In fact, it should be a total environmental control pro-
gram. Another intention of this handbook is to provide technical and economical information on the
development of the most feasible total heavy metal control program that can benefi t both industry
and local municipalities. Frequently, the most economically feasible methodology is a combined
industrial–municipal heavy metal management.
Lawrence K. Wang, New York
Jiaping Paul Chen, Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, Ohio
Nazih K. Shammas, Massachusetts
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Editors
Lawrence K. Wang has over 25 years of experience in facility design, plant construction, operation,
and management. He has expertise in water supply, air pollution control, solid waste disposal, water
resources, waste treatment, hazardous waste management, and site remediation. He is a retired
dean/director of both the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and Krofta Engineering Corpo-
ration, Lenox, Massachusetts, and a retired vice president of Zorex Corporation, Newtonville,
New York. Dr. Wang is the author of over 700 technical papers and 19 books, and is credited with
24 U.S. patents and 5 foreign patents. He received his BSCE degree from the National Cheng-Kung
University, Taiwan, his MS degrees from both the Missouri University of Science and Technology
and the University of Rhode Island and his PhD degree from Rutgers University, New Jersey.
Jiaping Paul Chen is an associate professor of environmental science and engineering at the
National University of Singapore. His research interests are physicochemical treatment of water and
wastewater and modeling. He has published more than 80 journal papers and book chapters. He has
received various honors and awards, including Guest Professor of the Hua Zhong University of
Science and Technology, and Shandong University of China, and Distinguished Overseas Chinese
Young Scholar of National Natural Science Foundation of China. He is recognized as an author of
highly cited papers (chemistry and engineering) of ISI Web of Knowledge. Professor Chen received
his ME degree from the Tsinghua University, Beijing and his PhD degree from the Georgia Institute
of Technology of Atlanta, Georgia.
Yung-Tse Hung has been a professor of civil engineering at Cleveland State University since 1981.
He is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He has taught at 16 universities in eight
countries. His primary research interests and publications have been involved with biological waste-
water treatment, industrial water pollution control, industrial waste treatment, and municipal waste-
water treatment. He is now credited with over 450 publications and presentations on water and
wastewater treatment. Dr. Hung received his BSCE and MSCE degrees from the National Cheng-
Kung University, Taiwan, and his PhD degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He is the
editor of International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, International Journal of
Environmental Engineering, and International Journal of Environmental Engineering Science.
Nazih K. Shammas has been an environmental expert, professor, and consultant for over
40 years. He is an ex-dean and director of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and advisor to
Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts. Dr. Shammas is the author of over 250
publications and eight books in the fi eld of environmental engineering. He has experience in envi-
ronmental planning, curriculum development, teaching and scholarly research, and expertise in
water quality control, wastewater reclamation and reuse, physicochemical and biological treatment
processes, and water and wastewater systems. He received his BE degree from the American
University of Beirut, Lebanon, his MS from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and his
PhD from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
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Contributors
Rajasekhar Balasubramanian Jun He
Division of Environmental Science and Division of Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Science
National University of Singapore National University of Singapore
Singapore Singapore
Changlun Chen Yuh-Shan Ho
Institute of Plasma Physics Department of Environmental
Chinese Academy of Science Sciences
Beijing, China Peking University
Beijing, China
Yamin Deng
School of Environmental Studies and
Huijuan Liu
MOE Key Laboratory of Biogeology
Research Center for Eco-Environmental
and Environmental Geology
Sciences
China University of Geosciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Wuhan, China
Beijing, China
Roberto De Philippis
Ruiping Liu
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
Research Center for Eco-Environmental
University of Florence
Sciences
Florence, Italy
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, China
Mohammad I. El-Khaiary
Chemical Engineering Department
Yue Ma
Alexandria University
School of Environmental Science and
Alexandria, Egypt
Engineering
Shandong University
Veysel Eroglu
Shandong, China
Minister of Environment and Forestry
Istanbul Technical University
Istanbul, Turkey Ernesto Micheletti
Department of Agricultural
Ferruh Erturk Biotechnology
Yıldız Technical University University of Florence
Istanbul, Turkey Florence, Italy
Wen Xin Gong Ghinwa M. Naja
School of Environmental Science and Department of Chemical
Engineering Engineering
Shandong University McGill University
Shandong, China Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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