Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment — II: Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Heavy Gases and Risk Assessment, Frankfurt am Main, May 25–26, 1982 PDF
Preview Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment — II: Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Heavy Gases and Risk Assessment, Frankfurt am Main, May 25–26, 1982
Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment - II Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment - II Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Heavy Gases and Risk Assessment, Frankfurt am Main, May 25-26, 1982 edited by SYL VIUS HARTWIG v., Battelle-Institut e. Frankfurt am Main .... D. Reidel Publishing Company " A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster The Symposium was sponsored by Battelle-Institut e.V. library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Symposium on Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment (2nd: 1982 : Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment II. "The Symposium was sponsored by Battelle-Institut e.V." Includes index. 1. Gases, Asphyxiating and poisonous~Environmental aspects~ Congresses. 2. Air~Poliution~Congresses. 3. Atmospheric diffusion~Congresses. I. Hartwig, Sylvius, 1938- II. Battelle- Institut. III. Title. TD885.S953 1982 604.7 83-4563 TSBN-13: 978-94-009-7153-0 e-TSBN-13 978-94-009-7151-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-7151-6 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Boston Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1983 by Battelle-Institut e.V., Frankfurt am Main, Germany Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1983 and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate pages within No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational stordge and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner Table of Contents Preface ix S. Hartwig Open and controversial topics in heavy gas dispersion and related risk assessment problems 1 S. F. Jagger Formulations of the dense gas dispersion problem 27 G. Schnatz, J. Kirsch and W. Heudorfer Investigation of energy fluxes in heavy gas dispersion 53 K. Emblem and T. K. Fannel~p Entrainment mechanisms of air in heavy gas clouds 67 C. I. Bradley, R. J. Carpenter P! J. Waite, C. G. Ramsay and M. A. English Recent development of a simple box-type model for dense vapour cloud dispersion 77 D. M. Deaves Application of a turbulence flow model to heavy gas dispersion in complex situations 91 H. Giesbrecht, H. Seifert and W. Leuckel Dispersion of vertical free jets 103 J. G. DeSteese and R. E. Rhoads Research and Development needs and opportunities in LGF safety and environmental control 127 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS J. S. Puttock, G. W. Colenbrander and D. R. Blackmore Maplin sands experiments 1980: Dispersion results from continuous releases of refrigerated liquid propane 147 D. L. Ermak, H. C. Goldwire, W. J. Hogan, R. P. Koopman a~d T. G. McRae Results of 40-m LNG spills onto water 163 J. A. Havens and T. O. Spicer Further analysis of catastrophic LNG spill vapor dispersion 181 W. J. S. Hirst and J. A. Eyre Maplin sands experiments 1980: Combustion of large LNG and refrigerated liquid propane spills on the sea 211 W. Geiger Present unterstanding of the explosion properties of flat vapour clouds 225 B. J. Wiekema An analysis of vapour cloud explosions based on accidents 7.37 J. Hofmann Modelling of fire for risk assessment in petrochemical industries 249 P. Baybutt Procedures for the use of risk analysis in decision making 261 W. Heudorfer and S. Hartwig A comparison of consequences of different types of UF6 accidents 279 N. C. Harris Some problems in risk assessment involving gas dispersion 293 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii H. J. Nikodem Examples of analyses of gas cloud explosion hazartls 305 List of Participants 311 Index 319 PREFACE This book comprises the proceedings of the second symposium on heavy gases and risk assessment held in May 1982 at the Battelle-Institut e. V., Frankfurt am Main. The symposium was a se<pel to a meeting on the same subject held in September 1979. The second symposium consisted of four sessions. It was not always possible to definitively separate the different sessions, as some of the papers discussed topics that overlapped other sessions. The first section was concerned with heavy gas dispersion and the associated aspects of modelling. The Chairman for this session was Prof. M. RiethmUller from the Karman Institute, Brussels. The second session was devoted to experimental aspects and topics re lated to heavy gas dispersion. The chairman for this session was Prof. J. Havens. The third session dealt with the field of explosion and fire. The Chairman of this session was Dr. J. Pankrath of the Umweltbundes amt. In the fourth session, some aspects of risk assessment in relation to heavy gases was discussed. In every session two periods were set aside for discussion, so that we had the chance, to settle some of the controversies that arose. I wish to express my appreciation to all those scientists who respon ded to our call for papers. Unfortunately, we were not able to in- ix x PREFACE clude all the papers because of the limited period of time that we had for the two-day symposium. Organizing a symposium and publishing the proceedings carries with it a considerable amount of hard work. My colleagues at the Battelle Institut e.V., W. Heudorfer, J. Kirsch and G. Schnatz were a steady help during the organization of this symposium. I would like to ex press my gratitude to them. I am also very much obliged to Mrs. R. Kra (Yale University) who assisted me in the editorial work of this publication. Sylvius Hartwig OPEN AND CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS IN HEAVY GAS DISPERSION AND RELATED RISK ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS S. Hartwig, Battelle-Institut e.V., Frankfurt am Main and Universitat Wuppertal I would like to touch briefly on four areas, namely, connection of dispersion to risk assessment, a very brief comment on the HSE trials, improvements in the field since the last symposium and finally I would like to emphasize three special topics on heavy gas modelling. As mentioned previously, compared with the last symposium the additi- onal session on risk assessment and consequence analysis testifies to its growing importance. There are two reasons for this: On the one hand, the general impetus for the examination of the reaction of heavy gases is caused by their increasing industrial and general use and the risks therein involved. The increase of the consumption is in turn related to the increasing use of natural gas (LNG) and growing industrial production as well as to our own consumption, as can be seen in fig. 1. On the other hand, the possible accidental releases and the risks involved determine the special methods and models required for re- liable assessments and predictions of possible consequences. A good example is jet release. When conSidering the hazard potential of the different heavy gases, S. Hartwig (ed.), Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment -II, 1-25. Copyright © 1983 by Battelle·1nstitut e. V., Frankfurt am Main, Germany. 2 s. HARTWIG 408.2 400- _ others ",~'%'#I nuclear power C=:J lignite C::=J hard coal natural gas I,··,· .. ..., ) oil 336.8 0.6 'I, 9.1"1, 300- 2OC- 135.5 60.7'1, 100- 72.8'/, 0.5'/. 21-0'1 4.7 'I, c- ~_~~L-~~~ ~'.~,' ~~~~~~_ 1950 1960 1970 1973 19" 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 nach Bundesverband der deutschen Gas· und Wasserwirtschaft e.V. 1981 FIG.1: WEST GERMAN PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND BY ENERGIES (MILLION TeE)
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