Heaven: In the Bible, the Apocrypha and the Dead Sea Scrolls

34 Pages·2010·1.38 MB·English

Click here to order the book or the accompanying PowerPoint
(http://www.sundayschoolcourses.com/heaven/heaven.htm)

Heaven:
In the Bible, the Apocrypha and the Dead Sea
Scrolls

Written by Robert C. Jones

Acworth, Georgia
© 2006 Robert C. Jones
Christian Theology and History Adult Sunday School Courses
Robert Jones
www.sundayschoolcourses.com

I’ve always been a strong believer in adult Sunday School classes and Bible studies in our churches. And many
churches have quality, Biblically-based adult-focused programs. Unfortunately, just as many churches tend to
downplay adult education, focusing on children’s education (not a bad thing in itself), or focusing on the needs of
the “unchurched”, where topics such as church history and theology are often purposely ignored.

Yet there is a strong need for adult education focused on both the Bible and the basic tenets and history of the
Faith. Among the reasons:

 Not all adults come from a strong childhood background in the church – adult Sunday School classes/Bible
studies may be their first serious introduction to what Christianity is all about
 Christianity (and especially Evangelical Christianity) is under constant attack from the media and popular
culture (movies, music, etc.). We need to give fellow Christians the tools to defend the Faith against
attack (or to provide a “ready defense” as Peter says in 1 Peter 3:15)
 Even adult Christians that have a strong Biblical background often know little about the origins and history
of their Faith

To better meet the needs of adult Christians (both those mature in their Faith, and those just starting out in the
“School of Christ”), I’ve written a series of courses that focus on the history of the Christian Church (including the
Jewish roots), as well as the development of doctrine in the Church. The topics represented in these courses are
intended to both further the participant’s walk in the Faith, as well as serve as a starting point for Christian
apologetics.

While the primary purpose of these courses is for use in churches, they also may be useful for High School and
College projects, especially the courses focused primarily on historical aspects.

One note: these courses are primarily written from an Evangelical Protestant viewpoint (I come from a Reformed
Church background), but I hope I've given ample time to other points of view throughout the various courses.

Front cover: Engraving by Gustave Dore
2
Heaven: In the Bible, the Apocrypha and the
Dead Sea Scrolls

Written by Robert Jones
Acworth, Georgia
© 2006

To purchase the accompanying PowerPoint and Instructor’s Guide ($20), or to
order printed booklets:

http://www.sundayschoolcourses.com/heaven/heaven.htm

To access this .pdf file on the Web (free):

http://www.sundayschoolcourses.com/heaven/heaven.pdf

"Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW
INTERNATIONAL VERSION. Copyright  1973,
1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by
permission of Zondervan Publishing House."

[email protected]
www.sundayschoolcourses.com

3
Table of Contents
Christian Theology and History Adult Sunday School Courses ..................................................................... 2
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Quiz on Heaven ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Heaven in the Old Testament ....................................................................................................................... 6
Historical books/Pentateuch .................................................................................................................... 6
The Psalms and Job .................................................................................................................................. 8
The Prophets ............................................................................................................................................ 9
The Inter-Testamental writings .................................................................................................................. 12
Heaven in the Apocrypha ........................................................................................................................... 12
Angels from heaven intervening in human affairs ................................................................................. 12
Heaven as a place for the righteous ....................................................................................................... 13
Judgment Day ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Heaven in the Dead Sea Scrolls .................................................................................................................. 14
Heaven in 1 Enoch ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Heaven in the New Testament ................................................................................................................... 17
Synoptic Gospels .................................................................................................................................... 17
Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven .................................................................................................................. 20
Acts ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Letters ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
The “third heaven” ............................................................................................................................. 22
Revelation ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Heaven in the Christian Apocrypha ............................................................................................................ 28
Appendix: Heavenly beings ......................................................................................................................... 30
Sources ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
Notes ........................................................................................................................................................... 32

4
Introduction
This course examines early Jewish and Christian thought on the topic of heaven. In the Old Testament,
heaven is a place where God and the angels reside – but not (seemingly) a place where the righteous go
when they die. By the time of the New Testament, heaven is starting to assume its modern connotation
as a paradise where the righteous go to be with God when they die. This view becomes even more
prominent in apocryphal writings in the early church.

In addition to the Bible, I’ve also included references in this study to:

 The Dead Sea Scrolls, a set of 800 Jewish documents (600 never before seen) found in the Judean
desert near Qumran from 1947-1956. The Scrolls may have been the library of the Jewish sect
known as the Essenes.
 The Apocrypha – the set of 12-16 books, most of which appeared in the Greek translation of the
Old Testament known as the Septuagint, but not in Hebrew versions of the Old Testament. Today,
they appear in some Bibles (Roman Catholic, NRSV, Orthodox, etc.) but not all (NIV, KJV, etc.).
 1 Enoch - 1 Enoch is a 1st or 2nd century B.C. Jewish work whose relative importance has been raised
in recent years because at least 20 fragmentary copies of 1 Enoch have been found among the Dead
Sea Scrolls. 1 Enoch does not appear in the Septuagint, and is not generally considered to be part of
the collection of books known as the Apocrypha. However, it does hold a unique position among
Inter-Testamental Jewish works – it is the only Inter-Testamental Jewish writing quoted in the New
Testament (Jude 14-15).
 Christian Apocrypha – There were many apocryphal Acts, Gospels, and Apocalypses written in the
first three centuries A.D. Some people refer to these as the Christian Apocrypha – non-Gnostic
works that didn’t make the New Testament canon. And while we shouldn’t view them as divinely
inspired or authoritative, they do help us trace the development of Christian thought on the subject
of heaven. I refer to three of them in this course – the Revelation of Peter, Apocalypse of Paul and
the Revelation of John.

While no Divine inspiration is claimed for the non-Biblical sources quoted herein, they are useful to
trace the development of Jewish and early Christian thought on the topic of heaven.

One final introductory note: In this course, I’m primarily interested in focusing on the characteristics of
heaven. So I’ve ignored the many generic references (particularly in the Old Testament) to things such
as “the heavens opened and poured out rain” or “they turned their eyes to heaven and prayed”.
Quiz on Heaven

1. T/F In the Pentateuch, heaven is described as a place that the righteous go after they die
2. T/F There are no visions of heaven in the Old Testament
3. T/F The only two Old Testament figures that ascend to heaven without dying are Elijah and
Moses
4. Two people that have a vision of heaven in the New Testament are Paul and John
5. T/F There is no concept of a “Son of Man” figure being in heaven in the Old Testament
6. T/F 1 Enoch was written by Enoch in 1st century B.C.
7. T/F The only place in the Bible that discusses seraphs is Revelation
8. T/F Revelation describes a war in heaven between Michael and Satan
5
9. T/F Protestants typically believe that the fact that Peter received the “keys to the kingdom
of heaven” means that the Church receives its authority from Peter
10. T/F There are more references to heaven in Genesis than in any other book of the Bible
11. T/F The New Testament teaches that heaven will always exist as it exists today
12. T/F Revelation teaches that the new Jerusalem will have a magnificent Temple from which
to worship God
13. T/F Peter decides to preach to the Gentiles because of a vision from heaven
14. T/F The cherubim placed on the east side of the Garden of Eden are cuddly children
Heaven in the Old Testament
Historical books/Pentateuch
In the earliest parts of the Old Testament, including the Pentateuch, heaven is presented as a place
where God and his angels reside, but not as a place where the righteous go after they die. (In most of
the Old Testament era, it was believed that humans receive their reward or punishment for their
behavior in this life – hence, the skepticism of Job’s “friends” when he tells them that he’s done nothing
wrong). Some other notes on the earliest writings on heaven:

 God created heaven
 God resides in heaven
 God can send angels out from heaven to communicate with and
interact with humans
 God can speak from heaven to humans (Moses), and send down fire
from heaven
 Heaven is “above”, earth “below”
 God sits on a throne in heaven (although we don’t get much of a
description of the throne or environs)
 When humans decide that they’ll try to build a tower to heaven, God strikes down their efforts
– thus, humans can only enter heaven as part of God’s will, not their own
 Humans can have dreams or visions about heaven

Reference Notes
Genesis 1:1, 2:4, Exodus God created heaven
20:11, 31:17, Genesis
14:19, Genesis 14:22, 2
Kings 19:15, 1 Chronicles
16:26, 2 Chronicles 2:12
Genesis 11:4-9 Tower of Babel
Genesis 21:17, 22:11, “But the angel of the LORD called
22:15 out to him from heaven…”
6
Reference Notes
Genesis 28:12 “He *Jacob+ had a dream in which
he saw a stairway resting on the
earth, with its top reaching to
heaven”

Exodus 16:14 Bread from heaven
Exodus 20:22 “You have seen for yourselves
that I have spoken to you [Moses]
from heaven…”
Deuteronomy 4:36 “From heaven he made you hear
his voice to discipline you…”
Deuteronomy 4:39, 26:15, Heaven is “above”, earth “below”
Judges 2:11
1 Kings 8:30, 8:43, 8:49, 2 God’s dwelling place
Chronicles 6:21, 6:30,
6:33, 6:39, 30:27
1 Kings 22:19, 2 Chronicles Throne in heaven
18:18
Genesis 19:24, 2 Kings Fire from heaven
1:10, 1:12, 1:14, 1
Chronicles 21:26, 2
Chronicles 7:1
1 Chronicles 29:11 “…everything in heaven and earth
is yours…”
2 Kings 2:11-12 Ascension of Elijah
Genesis 5:24 (see also “Enoch walked with God; then he
Hebrews 11:5) was no more, because God took
him away…”

In the introduction to this section I said that in the historical/Pentateuch books of the Bible, heaven is
not positioned as a place that the righteous go after they die. However, we do have two instances in
the text where humans enter heaven, although both are still alive - Elijah and Enoch.

In the case of Enoch, the Old Testament is actually ambiguous as to whether Enoch was alive or dead
when he was taken to heaven:

“When Enoch had lived 65 years, he became the father of Methuselah. And after he became the father of
Methuselah, Enoch walked with God 300 years and had other sons and daughters. Altogether, Enoch lived
365 years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him away.” (Genesis 5:21-24)

However, the New Testament (and later Jewish thought – see 1 Enoch) views that Enoch indeed was
taken to heaven while still alive:

7
“By faith Enoch was taken from this life, so that he did not experience death; he could not be found,
because God had taken him away…” (Hebrews 11:5)

In the case of Elijah, one of the greatest of the Old Testament prophets, his ascension to heaven is
presented in a rather abrupt fashion. Elisha and Elijah are walking down the road, and sudden, Elijah is
taken up!

“As they were walking along and talking together, suddenly a chariot of
fire and horses of fire appeared and separated the two of them, and
Elijah went up to heaven in a whirlwind. Elisha saw this and cried out,
“My father! My father! The chariots and horsemen of Israel!” And
Elisha saw him no more. Then he took hold of his own clothes and tore
them apart.” (2 Kings 2:11-12)

So, why are these two singled out? Why Elijah, say, and not Isaiah or Jeremiah or Ezekiel? One can only
speculate, but it is possible that Elijah was taken up because he would later return in the form of John
the Baptist (thus, in a literal reading of Christ’s comments in Matthew 11:14, there is no hint of
reincarnation). It is also possible that Enoch and Elijah are the “two witnesses” mentioned in Revelation
– and that they are protected from death until the “end times”.

John Calvin argues that in the case of Enoch, “this translation was a proof of the Divine love towards
Enoch, by connecting it immediately with his pious and upright life”. However, there have been many
others since Enoch that have lived “pious and upright lives”, but they weren’t whisked away to heaven!

“He must be shamelessly contentious, who will not acknowledge that something extraordinary is here
pointed out. All are, indeed, taken out of the world by death; but Moses plainly declares that Epoch was
taken out of the world by an unusual mode, and was received by the Lord in a miraculous manner…Enoch,
in the middle period of life, suddenly, and in an unexampled method, vanished from the sight of men,
because the Lord took him away, as we read was also done with respect to Elijah. Since, in the translation
of Enoch, an example of immortality was exhibited; there is no doubt that God designed to elevate the
minds of his saints with certain faith before their death; and to mitigate, by this consolation, the dread
which they might entertain of death, seeing they would know that a better life was elsewhere laid up for
them.

… there was, in the translation of Enoch, an instruction for all the godly, that they should not keep their
hope confined within the boundaries of this mortal life. For Moses shows that this translation was a proof
of the Divine love towards Enoch, by connecting it immediately with his pious and upright life.
Nevertheless, to be deprived of life is not in itself desirable. It follows, therefore, that he was taken to a
better abode; and that even when he was a sojourner in the world, he was received into a heavenly
country; as the Apostle, in the Epistle to the Hebrews, (Hebrews 11:5) plainly teaches.” (Commentary on
Genesis, John Calvin)
The Psalms and Job
Most references to heaven in the Psalms and Job are made in passing, and are a subset of the
information seen in the historical books/Pentateuch.

Reference Notes
Job 37:3 Lightning from heaven
8
Reference Notes
Psalms 18:13 “The LORD thundered from
heaven; the voice of the Most
High resounded…”
Psalms 76:8 “From heaven you pronounced
judgment…”
Psalms 78:24, 105:40 Manna from heaven
Psalms 103:19, 123:1 “The LORD has established his
throne in heaven…”
Psalms 33:6, 115:15, God made heaven
121:2, 124:8, 134:3, 146:6
The Prophets
In the Old Testament writing of the prophets, which include some of the last books written for the Old
Testament (Daniel, Malachi, Zechariah), we start to see glimpses of the theology of heaven and the
descriptions of heaven that would later flower in the late inter-Testamental period, including discussion
of issues such as:

 It is possible to fall from heaven (Satan?)
 Detailed descriptions of God’s heavenly attendants
 An introduction to a “Son of Man” figure in heaven
 A description of God on his thrown
 The concept of atonement and forgiveness of sins through the intercession of a heavenly being
 The concept of “open books” in heaven is introduced

Reference Notes
Nehemiah 9:6 “…the multitudes of heaven
worship you…”
Nehemiah 9:6 God made heaven
Nehemiah 9:15 Bread from heaven
Isaiah 14:12, Ezekiel It is possible to fall from heaven
28:12-19 (Satan?)
Isaiah 66:1 Throne in heaven
Jeremiah 33:25 “…fixed laws of heaven and
earth…”
Daniel 4:31 “…a voice came from heaven…”
Daniel 4:37 God is the “King of Heaven”
Daniel 7:2, 8:8, 11:4, “four winds of heaven”
Zechariah 2:6
Daniel 7:9-10 Ancient of Days
Daniel 7:13-14 Son of Man in heaven
Zechariah 6:5-7 Four spirits of heaven
Malachi 3:10 Floodgates of Heaven
Isaiah 6:1-7 God on his throne; seraphs w/ hot
coals; atonement for sin
Ezekiel 1 Wheels within wheels
Ezekiel 28:12-19 Guardian cherub cast out from
heaven

9
Isaiah 6:1-7 describes heavenly beings named seraphs (mentioned no where else in the Bible), and
introduces the concept of heavenly atonement for sin.

“In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord seated on a throne, high and exalted, and the train of his
robe filled the temple. Above him were seraphs, each with six wings: With two wings they covered their
faces, with two they covered their feet, and with two they were flying. And they were calling to one
another:

“Holy, holy, holy is the LORD Almighty;
the whole earth is full of his glory.”

At the sound of their voices the doorposts and thresholds shook and the temple was filled with smoke.

“Woe to me!” I cried. “I am ruined! For I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean
lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the LORD Almighty.”

Then one of the seraphs flew to me with a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with tongs from the
altar. With it he touched my mouth and said, “See, this has touched your lips; your guilt is taken away and
your sin atoned for.”” (Isaiah 6:1-7)

Perhaps the most vibrant description of heaven and heavenly beings in the Old Testament is in the first
two chapters of Ezekiel. In the first chapter, we’re introduced to the “four living creatures” (compare to
Revelation 4:6-8):

“I looked, and I saw a windstorm coming out of the north—an immense cloud with flashing lightning and
surrounded by brilliant light. The center of the fire looked like glowing metal, and in the fire was what
looked like four living creatures. In appearance their form was that of a man, but each of them had four
faces and four wings. Their legs were straight; their feet were like those of a calf and gleamed like
burnished bronze. Under their wings on their four sides they had the hands of a man. All four of them had
faces and wings, and their wings touched one another. Each one went straight ahead; they did not turn as
they moved.” (Ezekiel 1:4-9)

Accompanying the four living creatures are “wheels in wheels”:

“As I looked at the living creatures, I saw a wheel on the ground beside each creature with its four faces.
This was the appearance and structure of the wheels: They sparkled like chrysolite, and all four looked
alike. Each appeared to be made like a wheel intersecting a wheel. As they moved, they would go in any
one of the four directions the creatures faced; the wheels did not turn about as the creatures went. Their
rims were high and awesome, and all four rims were full of eyes all around.”

When the living creatures moved, the wheels beside them moved; and when
the living creatures rose from the ground, the wheels also rose. Wherever the
spirit would go, they would go, and the wheels would rise along with them,
because the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels. When the creatures
moved, they also moved; when the creatures stood still, they also stood still;
and when the creatures rose from the ground, the wheels rose along with
them, because the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels.” (Ezekiel
1:15-21)

We are also given a description of God on his throne in the first chapter of Ezekiel:

10