Heat treatments for postharvest pest control : theory and practice

365 Pages·2007·5.823 MB·English

by  Juming Tang, et al

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H T P P
EAT REATMENTS FOR OSTHARVEST EST
C : T P
ONTROL HEORY AND RACTICE
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H T
EAT REATMENTS FOR
P P
OSTHARVEST EST
C : T
ONTROL HEORY AND
P
RACTICE
Edited by
Juming Tang
Elizabeth Mitcham
Shaojin Wang
and
Susan Lurie
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CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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© CAB International 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
ISBN 978 1 84593 252 7
Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
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Contents
Preface ix
Contributors xi
Reviewers xiii
1 Introduction 1
J.D. Hansen and J.A. Johnson
1.1 History and Purpose of Quarantine and 1
Phytosanitation Requirements
1.2 Review of Treatments 4
1.3 Survey of Heat Treatments 8
1.4 Heat Treatments for Microbial Control 16
1.5 Tolerance of Commodities to Heat Treatments 16
1.6 Conclusions 16
1.7 References 17
2 Fundamental Heat Transfer Theory for Thermal Treatments 27
J. Tang and S. Wang
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Conventional Heat Transfer Theory 28
2.3 Dielectric Heating 41
2.4 Case Studies to Demonstrate the Differences
between Conventional and Dielectric Heating 47
2.5 Closing Remarks 51
2.6 References 53
3 Temperature Measurement 56
J. Tang and S. Wang
3.1 Introduction 56
v
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vi Contents
3.2 Principles and Properties 56
3.3 Sensor Calibration, Precision and Response Time 68
3.4 Application of Temperature Sensors 70
3.5 Temperature Control 76
3.6 Closing Remarks 76
3.7 References 77
4 Physiological Responses of Agricultural Commodities to 79
Heat Treatments
S. Lurie and E.J. Mitcham
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Effects on Physiology 79
4.3 Types of Heat Damage 83
4.4 Responses of Dried Commodities to Heat Treatment 90
4.5 Factors Affecting Response to Heat Treatment 92
4.6 Conclusions 97
4.7 References 97
5 Experimental and Simulation Methods of Insect Thermal 105
Death Kinetics
S. Wang, J. Tang and J.D. Hansen
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Experimental Methods for Obtaining Thermal Kinetic
Response Information 107
5.3 Insect Mortality Models 112
5.4 Model Comparisons 124
5.5 Model Applications 126
5.6 Closing Remarks 128
5.7 References 128
6 Biology and Thermal Death Kinetics of Selected Insects 133
J. Tang, S. Wang and J.A. Johnson
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Biology and Economic Impact of Target Species 134
6.3 Thermal Death Data 144
6.4 Influence of Life Stages and Species on Thermal
Mortality 149
6.5 Activation Energies for Thermal Kill of Insect Pests 154
6.6 Preconditioning Effects on Thermotolerance of Pests 155
6.7 Effect of Heating Rates in Thermal Treatments 157
6.8 Closing Remarks 158
6.9 References 159
7 Thermal Control of Fungi in the Reduction of Postharvest Decay 162
E. Fallik and S. Lurie
7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 Responses of Fungi to Thermal Heat: in Vitro Studies 162
7.3 Methods of Thermal Treatment 165
7.4 Conclusions 174
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Contents vii
7.5 Acknowledgements 177
7.6 References 177
8 Disinfestation of Stored Products and Associated 182
Structures Using Heat
S.J. Beckett, P.G. Fields and Bh. Subramanyam
8.1 Introduction 182
8.2 The Use of Heat for Insect Management 190
8.3 Effects of High Temperatures on Stored-product
Insects 193
8.4 Heat Tolerance in Stored-product Insects 194
8.5 Survey of Current Thermal Kinetic Data: Empirical
Methods and Common Models 195
8.6 Current Status of Research and Development in
Heat Disinfestation of Stored Products 212
8.7 Heat Disinfestation of Structures 220
8.8 Conclusions 228
8.9 References 229
9 Considerations for Phytosanitary Heat Treatment Research 238
G.J. Hallman
9.1 Introduction 238
9.2 Source of Research Organisms 239
9.3 Rearing Conditions 240
9.4 Methods of Infesting Commodities for
Disinfestation Research 241
9.5 Determination of Disinfestation Policy 245
9.6 Commodity Conditioning 246
9.7 Commercial Possibilities 246
9.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 247
9.9 References 248
10 Heat with Controlled Atmospheres 251
E.J. Mitcham
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Mode of Action of Controlled Atmospheres on
Insects 252
10.3 Effects of Controlled Atmospheres on Commodities 254
10.4 Effects of Heat and Controlled Atmospheres on
Arthropod Pests 255
10.5 Commodity Response to High-temperature
Controlled Atmospheres 260
10.6 Synergistic Effects of Heat and Controlled
Atmospheres 262
10.7 Promising Treatments 264
10.8 Summary 264
10.9 References 265
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viii Contents
11 The Influence of Heat Shock Proteins on Insect Pests and 269
Fruits in Thermal Treatments
S. Lurie and E. Jang
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Heat Shock Proteins 271
11.3 Heat Shock Responses and Heat Shock Proteins in
Plant Tissue 273
11.4 Heat Shock Responses and Heat Shock Proteins in
Insects 276
11.5 Discussion 282
11.6 References 285
12 Thermal Treatment Protocol Development and Scale-up 291
J. Tang, S. Wang and J.W. Armstrong
12.1 Introduction 291
12.2 Strategies for Thermal Treatment Development 291
12.3 Systematic Development of RF 295
Treatment for In-shell Walnuts
12.4 Developing RF Treatments for Fresh
Fruits 304
12.5 Conclusions 308
12.6 References 308
13 Commercial Quarantine Heat Treatments 311
J.W. Armstrong and R.L. Mangan
13.1 Introduction 311
13.2 Definitions and Concepts 312
13.3 Quarantine Heat Treatments 313
13.4 Quarantine Treatment Protocols 315
13.5 Quarantine Security Statistics 316
13.6 Developing Quarantine Heat Treatments 318
13.7 Commodity Quality 325
13.8 Experimental Heat Treatment Equipment 329
13.9 Heat Treatment Research 330
13.10 Commercial Heat Treatment Equipment and
Facilities 332
13.11 Approved Commercial Heat Treatments 334
13.12 Summary 334
13.13 References 336
Index 341
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Preface
With increasing globalization facilitated by World Trade Organization agreements
and other treaties, the international trade of agricultural commodities has
increasingly become an important part of the global economy. Unlike
manufactured goods, agricultural commodities are natural carriers of exotic pests.
Unintended introduction of these pests to new areas may cause major losses to
native crops. Importing countries or regions have thus imposed quarantine or
phytosanitary measures against several economically important insect pests.
Methyl bromide has been the most effective pest control fumigant for host
commodities structures; however, it is now listed as an ozone-depleting
chemical under the Montreal Protocol of 1992 and other related international
agreements. As such, there are severe restrictions against its use, creating an
urgent need to find environmentally friendly and effective alternatives. Thermal
treatments have drawn increasing attention because they are environmentally
friendly, leave no chemical residues and have already been successfully used
for some commodities structures.
The purpose of this book is to provide fundamental and up-to-date
published information on thermal treatments managing postharvest pests
associated with agricultural commodities structures. Specific topics of this book
include: (i) regulatory issues for quarantine and phytosanitory treatments; (ii)
basic information on temperature measurement, heat transfer and thermal
death kinetics of insects; (iii) biological responses of agricultural commodities
and insect pests; (iv) biological responses of plants, insects and pathogens to
heat; and (v) an introduction to current and potential quarantine treatments
based on hot air, hot water and radio frequency energy.
The book is divided into 13 chapters written by leading experts with
extensive research experience in their relevant fields. The contributors are
affiliated with research universities or government research institutes in the
USA, Israel, Australia and Canada. The contributors of this book bring
expertise from three different disciplines that are highly relevant to this subject,
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x Preface
namely, engineering, entomology and plant physiology. From this perspective,
it is the most comprehensive book yet on the subject of thermal treatments for
pest control.
Through a multidisplinary book, we hope to establish a sound basis for
further development and implementation of thermal control methods for pests
of harvested agricultural commodities structures. It should serve as an
important resource for readers who are interested in knowledge, methods and
strategies used in the development of environmentally friendly pest control
processes based on thermal energy. This book may also be suited for readers
worldwide at different levels in academia, industry and government.
The editorial team thanks the contributors for sharing their valuable
experiences and knowledge. Each chapter has been reviewed by two internal
or two external reviewers. We, therefore, thank those reviewers (see the list of
reviewers) for helping us maintain a high standard throughout the book’s
content. We appreciate grant support from the US Department of Initiative for
Future Agriculture and Food Systems (IFAFS), National Research Initiative
(NRI) and Cooperative State Research, Education, Extension Service
(CSREES) Methyl Bromide Transitions programs, and from other grant
agencies, including BARD (USA–Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development), California Department of Food andAgriculture (CDFA),
Washington State University IMPACT Centre and commodity commissions
from the States of California and Washington. Those grants provided
opportunities for several book contributors to work closely over the past 8 years
on numerous multidisciplinary research projects and allowed us to develop
understanding, collaboration and friendship across disciplinary, institutional
and geographic borders.
Juming Tang
Elizabeth Mitcham
Shaojin Wang
Susan Lurie