Heat treating : including advances in surface engineering, an international symposium in honor of Professor Tom Bell, and Professor Jerome B. Cohen Memorial Symposium on Residual Stresses in the Heat Treatment Industry : proceedings of the 20th conference PDF
Preview Heat treating : including advances in surface engineering, an international symposium in honor of Professor Tom Bell, and Professor Jerome B. Cohen Memorial Symposium on Residual Stresses in the Heat Treatment Industry : proceedings of the 20th conference
Heat Treating Including Advances in Surface Engineering: An International Symposium in Honor ofProfessor Tom Bell and Professor Jerome B. Cohen Memorial Symposium on Residual Stresses in the Heat Treatment Industry Proceedings ofthe20thConference 9-12 October 2000 81. Louis, Missouri Edited by Kiyoshi Funatani George E. Totten ,A5~ Heat hating ~Society AnAffiliateSocietyofASMInternational ASM Internatlonal'" Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Copyright ©2000 by ASM International® All rights reserved No part of this bookmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthewrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner. First printing, February 2001 Greatcareistakeninthecompilationandproductionofthisbook,butitshould bemadeclear thatNOWARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN INCONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate byASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtainedfromtheuse ofthis publicationalone. This publicationisinten.dedfor use bypersons having technicalskill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions ofproductor material use are outside ofASM's control, ASM assumesnoliabilityor obligationinconnectionwith any use ofthisinformation. No claim ofanykind, whetherasto productsor information inthis publication, and whetheror not basedon negligence, shall be greaterinamount than the purchase price ofthis productorpublication inrespectofwhichdamages areclaimed.THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOTCAUSED BYORRESULTINGFROMTHE NEGLIGENCEOFSUCHPARTY.Aswithanymaterial,evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions isrecommended. Nothingcontainedinthis bookshall beconstruedas agrantofanyrightofmanufacture,sale, use,orreproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whetheror not covered byletters patent,copyright,ortrademark.and nothingcontainedinthis bookshallbeconstruedasadefenseagainstanyalleged infringementofletters patent, copyright. ortrademark, or as adefense against liability for such infringement. Comments, criticisms, and suggestionsare invited. and should beforwarded toASM International. ISBN: 0-87170-727-6 SAN: 204-7586 ASM International® Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Printed inthe United States ofAmerica II International Organizing Committee Prof. Diran Apelian Dr.Valentin Nemkov Worcester Polytechnic Institute Centerfor InductionTechnology, Inc. Worcester, Massachusetts Auburn Hills, Michigan Prof. Michail S.Blanter Mr.Carmen Paponetti Moscow State Academy of Industrial Engineering HITecMetal Group, Inc. and Information Science Cleveland, Ohio Moscow, Russia Mr.George Pfaffmann Prof. Haydn Chen TOCCO,lnc. University of Illinois Madison Heights, Michigan Urbana, Illinois Mr.Dale A. Poteet, Jr. Ms.Chandni Dattamajumdar Innovative MetallurgicalTechnology HiTecMetal Group, Inc. Pewaukee, Wisconsin Cleveland, Ohio Dr.Sanjay Shrivastava Mr.Charles H.Faulkner Edwards Lifesciences Houghton International Inc. Irvine, California ValleyForge, Pennsylvania Mr. Fred R.Specht Dr.Kiyoshi Funatani,FASM Ajax Magnethermic Corp. Parkerizing Company, Ltd. Warren, Ohio Nagoya, Japan Mr.William D.Stofey Mr.RobertJ.Gaster American Ultra Specialties, Inc. Deere & Company Hudson, Ohio Moline, Illinois Dr.JohnStringer Prof.Tatsuo Inoue, FASM Electric Power Research Institute KyotoUniversity Palo Alto, California Sakyo-ku, Kyoto,Japan Mr.JackTitus Mr.LarryJarvis Holcroft, Inc. Tenaxol Inc. Livonia, Michigan Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dr.GeorgeE.Totten, FASM Prof. Hong Liang Union Carbide Corporation Universityof Alaska Fairbanks Tarrytown, NewYork Fairbanks, Alaska Prof.JorgeCarlosVega Prof.Jian Lu Catholic Universityof Cordoba Universite deTechnologie deTroyes Guadalajara, Argentina Troyes,France Dr.Lin Xie Mr.D.ScottMacKenzie SolidWorks Inc. The Boeing Company Concord, Massachusetts St.Louis, Missouri Prof. Kewei Xu Ms.Sandy J.Midea Xi'an Jiatong University Metal 1 Xi'an, China BroadviewHeights, Ohio Prof. Philip G.Nash Illinois Institute ofTechnology Chicago, Illinois HI Preface The 2000 annual ASM Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition was held in St. Louis, Missouri. A number of excellent international symposia were held including: Advances in Surface Engineering: An International Symposium inHonorof ProfessorTom Bell Professor Jerome B.Cohen Symposium on Residual Stresses inthe HeatTreatment Industry, Symposium on Retained Austenite, Symposium on Quenching and Distortion, and others. Taken together, these symposia provided the ASM-HTS membership with an outstanding, state-of-the-art overview of the most vital technologies of importance to the heattreating industrytoday. These proceedings are a product of the Annual Heat Treating Society Conference. Submission of manuscripts was not a requirement for speaking at the conference; consequently, there are some speakers who chose notto prepare a manuscript. Many of thespeakersattheconferenceconscientiouslyagreedtospendthetimeandeffortnecessary topreparethese manuscripts.Wecertainlywishtoexpressourappreciationtotheseauthors. Wealsothankyou,the attendees, forparticipating inthisevent.Youarethe mostimportant part ofthis activity.Conferences are not only important for the information exchanged, but evenmore importantly, they are an absolutelyvital part of professional growth through the formation of an international network ofcolleagues. Forplanning purposes, pleasenotethatthe2001AnnualConferenceandExposition willbe held 5to 8 November2001, in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Kiyoshi Funatani,Ph.D.,FASM Parkerizing Company Ltd. Nagoya, Japan Co-Chair George E.Totten Union Carbide Corporation Tarrytown, NewYork,USA Co-Chair IV Contents Advances in Surface Engineering: An International Symposium in Honor of ProfessorTom Bell Tom Bell-The Early Days 1 J.Stringer, Electric PowerResearch Institute, Palo Alto, California The International Impact of Bell's Career 3 R.B. Wood, InternationalFederation for HeatTreating andSurface Engineering, Guilford, United Kingdom Tom Bell's Impact on HeatTreatment in Sweden 7 T. Holm, AGA AB, Lidingo, Sweden v., J.Slycke, SKFERC B. Nieuwegein, The Netherlands pp Processing: OES Diagnostics and Rare Earths 13 D.Cleugh, T. Bell, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom A Kinetic Study of LowTemperature Plasma Carburizing of Austenitic Stainless Steels 20 Y. Sun, NanyangTechnologicalUniversity, Singapore T. Bell, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom Published Papers 25 T. Bell, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom Advanced Hard Coatings-TheirResponse to AggressiveWear Environments 39 RA Dearnley, UniversityofLeeds, Leeds, UnitedKingdom The Use of Controlled Post HeatTreatment Cleaning and Peening to Enhancethe Fatigue Strength and Reliability of Case Carburized Gears 46 BA Shaw, R.Ashby, J.T. Evans, UniversityofNewcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UnitedKingdom R O'Hara, Metal ImprovementCompanyInc., Newbury, UnitedKingdom Effect of Alloying Elements and Carbo-Nitriding on Resistance to Softening during Tempering and Contact Fatigue Strength of Chromium-Containing Steels 52 Y. Watanabe, N.Narita, Nissan MotorCompany, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan Y. Matsushima, K.Iwasaki, Kobe Steel, Ltd., Kobe, Japan Characterization of Retained Austenite in Case Carburized Gears and Its Influence on Fatigue Performance 62 B.A Shaw, F.B.Abudaia, J.T. Evans, UniversityofNewcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UnitedKingdom Using ComputerSimulation to Improve a Carburization Process 70 AM. Freborg, B.L. Ferguson, Deformation ControlTechnology, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio R.W Larson, Dana Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan Predicting the HeatTreat Response ofa Carburized Helical Gear 79 B.L.Ferguson, AM. Freborg, Deformation ControlTechnology, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio M.L. Callabresi, TechnicalConsultant, Livermore, California v The Mechanical Properties of Hard Coatings-Experimental and Simulation Results 87 H. Oettel, T. Bertram, R.Wiedemann, Freiberg UniversityofMiningand Technology, Freiberg, Germany V Weihnacht, Institute ofSolidState, Physics, andMaterials Research, Dresden, Germany The Use of Fluidised Bed Reactors for ChemicalVapour DepositionThermochemical and Thermoreactive DiffusionTreatmentson Ferrous and Non Ferrous Alloys 93 R.W Reynoldson, QualityHeatTechnologies Pty.Ltd., Melbourne Victoria, Australia Characteristics of Residual Stresses inTi-N Films Coated by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition 101 K.Xu, S.Ma, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China V Ji, ENSAM, Paris, France Effectof Chlorine Ion Implantation on CrN Coating inTribology 107 M.Tamura, T.Aizawa, The UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan H. Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedSciences, Kyoto, Japan A.Mitsuo, TokyoMetropolitan IndustrialTechnology Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan Residual Stresses and Distortion Dueto the HeatTreatment Process-Simulation and Experiment 115 C.Franz, H. MOiler, D.Lone, UniversityofKarlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany R.KObler, BOSCHGmbH, Stuttgart, Germany Prediction of the Processing Windowand Hardenabilityfor Austempered Ductile Iron 121 S.H. Zahiri, E.V.Pereloma, C.H.J. Davies, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia Metallo-Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Laser-Quenching Process ofSome Steels 129 K.Nakasaki, Shiga Polytechnic Center, Otsu, Shiga, Japan T. Inoue, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan RecentTrends in Surface Modification of Light Metals 138 K.Funatani, Parkerizing Company, Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Surface ModificationofTitanium Alloys by High-Frequency InductionThermochemical Processing (INTERPROCESS)TM 145 S.M. Gugel, Sanova-Polytech, Inc., New York, New York Superplasticity,Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum Alloys 155 N. Ridley, UniversityofManchesterandUMIST,Manchester, UnitedKingdom TheoryandTechnology of Surface Alloying of Iron,Aluminum,Copper andTitanium with LaserHeating 165 Y. Kogan, AR Company, Tarzana, California CurrentStatus andTrends in Duplex SurfaceEngineering ofTitanium Alloys 170 H. Dong, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom Austenitizationand Carbide Dissolution of High SpeedTool Steel AISI-M2 in ShortTime Heating 177 K.Ozaki, T. Urita, Y.Matsuda, Daido SteelCompany, Ltd., Nagoya, Japan H.Koga, Neturen Company, Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan VI Monitoringand Controlling theTemperature in a High PowerDirect Diode Laser Surface Hardening Application 183 C.M.Cook, J.M. Haake, Nuvonyx, Inc., Bridgeton, Missouri LowTemperature Carburizing of Austenitic Steels 192 F.T. Hoffmann, D.GOnther,M.Jung, P. Magr, IWT,Bremen, Germany A Few Remarks on Plasma Nitriding Behavior of Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steels 198 z. S.Jenosi, Kolozsvary, V. Sandor, A Rusu, S.C.Plasmaterm S.A, Tg-Mures, Romania Modelingand Control of Nitride Layer Growth Kinetics onthe Nitralloy 135M Alloy 208 L.Maldzinski, ~ Liliental, J.Tacikowski, G.Tymowski, Nitrex Metal, Inc., St.Laurent, Quebec, Canada Structure and Properties of Plasma Nitrided Austenitic Stainless Steel 217 X.Zhu, H. Huang, K Xu, J.He, Xf'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republicof China TheEffectof Profileof Residual Stresses and Hardness on Fatigue of Nitrided Layers 222 A Nakonieczny, InstituteofPrecision Mechanics, Warsaw, Poland Graded Hardness Design inthe Surface Modified Steels by Plasma Nitriding 227 N.Granito, The UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo,Japan H. Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedScience, Kyoto,Japan T.Aizawa, Research CenterforAdvancedScience andTechnology, Tokyo, Japan Effect of Initial Microstructureand Austenitising Conditions on the Impact Properties of an Austempered Ductile Iron 233 M. Grech, M.H.AAlaalom, UniversityofMalta, Msida, Malta NovelThermochemical Diffusion Processes inVacuum Furnaces for Steel Components 242 B.Edenhofer, M.Lohrmann, W Greien, Ipsen InternationalGmbH, Kleve, Germany Surface Oxides and Bending Fatigue in Gas-Carburized SAE 4320 Steels 249 KC. Evanson, CaterpillarInc., Peoria, Illinois G.Krauss, D.K Matlock, Colorado SchoolofMines, Golden, Colorado Shot Peening and Stress Peening of AISI4140 at ElevatedTemperatures-Effects on Fatigue Strength and Stability of Residual Stresses 257 R.Menig, V. Schulze, 0. Vohringer, UniversityofKarlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany A Wick, G.Rau GmbHandCompany, Pforzheim, Germany Dual Phase in Commercial Grade Steels Prepared by Nitriding 265 H.Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedSciences, Kyoto,Japan T.Aizawa, N. Granito, The UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan HeatTreating and Mechanical Properties of 5Cr8M02WSiV and Its Application to Wood-Chip Cutting Knives 272 X.Luo, X. Cheng, Jiangsu UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's RepUblicofChina F.Jiang, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's RepublicofChina vii Laser Quenching of Ultra-Thin Steel Wire-Simulation and Experiments 278 A Sakuma, T. Matsumoto, M.Kagawa, Yamaguchi University, Ube,Yamaguchi, Japan Y.Tokunaga, MarubeniFine SteelCompany, Ltd., Onoda, Japan Advances inVacuum Metallurgy-Effectson the HeatTreatment and Surface Engineering of Metals 284 AS. Korhonen, E.Harju, HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology, Espoo, Finland Advanced Process and FurnaceTechnologyfor Case Hardening Using Low-Pressureand Plasma Carburizing Combined with Gas Quenching 290 M.Lohrmann, W Greten, Ipsen InternationalGmbH, Kleve, Germany Atmospherefor High QualityTube Annealing 296 T. Holm, S.Wiberg, R.Andersson, AGA AB, Lidingo, Sweden C.Moran, AGA Gas, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio High-Efficiency Atmospheric Carburizing 301 L. Lefevre, D.Domergue, M.Buffin, AirLiquide, Les Loqes-en-Joses, France An Updateon Low PressureVacuum CarburizingTechniques and Experiences 306 D.H.Herring, Ipsen International, Inc., Rockford, Illinois In-Line Hardening with Magnetic-Field Heating 316 S.Segerberg, IVF,Molndal, Sweden RE. Naslund, MagnetteknikInternational, Forsheda, Sweden Developmentand Application of Induction HardeningSimulation for Processing Production Components 321 A V.Reddy, J.Cai, CDI Corporation, Peoria, Illinois L.Chuzhoy, Caterpillar, lnc., Peoria, Illinois D.L.Lowry, Caterpillar, tnc., Aurora, Illinois M.G.Olmstead, B.G. Luebbers, Caterpillar, lnc., Decatur, Illinois InductionThermochemical Processing (INTERPROCESS)TM inLiquid Active Media (LAM)- A New Direction in HeatTreatingTechnology for 21st Century 327 S.M. Gugel, Sanova-Polytech, tnc., New York, NewYork SurfaceEngineering of Iron-Base Alloys by High-Frequency Induction Carburizing (INCARB)TM 338 S.M. Gugel, Sanova-Polytech, Inc., New York, NewYork Wear Behavioronthe Nitrided Steels 347 N. Granito, T.Aizawa, The UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo,Japan H.Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedSciences, Kyoto,Japan AbrasiveWear Resistanceof a Fe Based Hard Coating Containing Cr and Nb 353 on. L.G.F.Canale, Crnkovic, AF. Farah, C.Ferrarini, EESC-Univeridade de Sao Paulo, Sao Peulo,Brazil Wear and Fretting Fatigue Behaviorof Plasma Nitrided Martensitic Stainless Steel 359 L.E.Pereira, WW Bose, L.C.Casteletti, R.M.M.Riofano, D.Spinelli, UniversityofSao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil VIII Improvement ofTribological Behavior inThin Hard Coatings by Chlorine Ion Implantation 366 T.Aizawa,TheUniversityofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan A. Mitsuo, Tokyo MetropolitanIndustrialTechnologyResearchInstitute, Tokyo, Japan Effect of HeatTreatment onthe Low-Cycle Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Alloy 1420 373 A.V. Sverdlin, BradleyUniversity, Peoria, Illinois Professor JeromeB.Cohen Memorial Symposium on Residual Stresses intheHeatTreatment Industry Introductionto the Prestress Engineering Approach 382 J.Lu,UniversiiedeTechnologie deTroyes, Troyes, France Residual Stress Induced by HeatTreatmentandThermochemicalTreatment 392 T. Ericsson, LinkopingUniversity, Linkoping,Sweden Sub-Grain Measurementof Stress with a 3-D X-Ray Microscope 402 .u. G.E.lce, B.C.Larson,F.J. Walker, K-S. Chung,W Yang, J.D. Budai, Tischler, N.Tamura, OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, OakRidge,Tennessee H.Chen, J.-S.Chung, UniversityofIllinois, Urbana, Illinois W Lowe, HowardUniversity, WashingtonD.C. Residual Stress MeasurementwithTwo-Dimensional Diffraction 408 B.a.He,BrukerAXS, Madison, Wisconsin The Influenceof Residual Stress on Fatigue Strength of Carburized Gears 418 K Funatani, IMST, Nagoya, Japan The Effect of ColdWork ontheThermal Stability of Residual Compression inSurface Enhanced IN718 426 PS.Ptevey, LambdaResearch, Cincinnati,Ohio Residual Stresses in Green Bodies of Steel Powder andTheir Relaxation during HeatTreatment 435 PLuukkonen, T. Ericsson, LinkopingUniversity, Linkoping,Sweden Simulation and ExperimentalVerification of Residual Stresses and Distortion during Quenching of Steel 441 D.Y.Ju,SaitamaInstituteofTechnology, Okabe,Japan M.Narazaki, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan ThreeTypes of IntensiveWater Quenching andTheir Future Applications 448 N.I. Kobasko, EngineeringThermophysicsInstitute, Kiev, Ukraineand10Technologies, Inc., Akron,Ohio Effect of Uneven Residual Stresses on Dimensional Changes andVariations ofThrough Hardening Bearing Steel Rings 455 J.Volkmuth, SKFGmbH, Schweinfurt,Germany U. Sjoblom, SKFGroupTechnical Development, Gothenburg, Sweden J.S/ycke, SKF Engineering& ResearchCenter, Nieuwegein,TheNetherlands A.Thuvander, SwedishInstituteforMetalsResearch, Stockholm, Sweden ix ImprovementinDuctility by Controlling Grain Boundary Structures in High Purity Chromium 461 M.Morinaga, Y. Murata, T. Maruta, T. Kanamori, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Y.Harada, Toyohashi UniversityofTechnology, Toyohashi,Japan M.Fujine, Japan Ultra-high Temperature Materials Research Institute, Tajimi, Japan Y.Matsumoto, Oita NationalCollegeofTechnology, Oita, Japan Kinetic Study oftheTetragonal-to-Monoclinic PhaseTransformation of Zirconia-Yttria Alloys 466 M.Hayakawa, L.Wang, H.Tottori, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori, Japan Variations inHardnessValues and DiameterChangein 1018 and 4340 Steel Jominy Bars 470 R.L. Kenyeri, R.P.Foley, Illinois Institute ofTechnology, Chicago, Illinois Retained Austenite Program The Use of Retained Austenite inthe Study of PhaseTransformations 479 D.V. Edmonds, UniversityofLeeds, Leeds, UnitedKingdom Observation of Retained Austenite byElectron Backscatter Diffraction in Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) 491 T.J. Marrow, H.Cetinel, N. Wardman, T. Brough, H.Bolyan, UM/STandUniversityofManchester, Manchester, UnitedKingdom Influence ofthe Austenite Matrix Microstructureon the PhaseTransformations during Austempering of DuctileIron 497 R.Boeri, J.Sikora, INTEMA-NationalUniversityofMar del Plata-CON/CET, Mardel Plata, Argentina Retained Austenite in Martensitic Steels with 15% Cr and Carbon, Nitrogenor Both 503 V. Gavriljuk, Institute for MetalPhysics, Kiev, Ukraine H.Berns, RuhrUniversityBochum, Bochum, Germany Instrumented Charpy Impact Studies of Dynamic Crack Propagation inMartensite- Retained Austenite Microstructures 509 S.H.Magner, WN. Weins, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska Interaction ofSolute Atoms in Austenite 515 M.S.Blanter, MoscowState AcademyofInstrumentalEngineering andInformation Science, Moscow, Russia L.B.Magalas, UniversityofMining andMetallurgy, Krakow, Poland Characterization of the Substructure of Retained Austenite byX-Ray Diffraction 524 J.D.Makinson, WN. Weins, UniversityofNebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska Effect of Retained Austenite on Short Fatigue Cracks inAustempered Ductile Cast Iron(ADI) 528 T.J. Marrow, H. Cetinel, G.S.Wang, H.Bayati, UM/STandUniversityofManchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Mechanical Stabilization of Retained Austenite inTRIP-Assisted MultiphaseSteels 535 S.Godet, F. Delannay, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-Ia Neuve, Belgium P.J. Jacques, McGillUniversity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada x
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