Heat Transfer Physics

796 Pages·2014·15.077 MB·English

by  Kaviany M.

HEAT TRANSFER PHYSICS, SECOND EDITION
Thisgraduatetextbookdescribesatomic-levelkinetics(mechanismsandrates)
of thermal energy storage, transport (conduction, convection, and radiation),
and transformation (various energy conversions) by principal energy carriers.
Theapproachcombinesthefundamentalsofmolecularorbitals-potentials,sta-
tistical thermodynamics, computational molecular dynamics, quantum energy
states, transport theories, solid-state and fluid-state physics, and quantum
optics. The textbook presents a unified theory, over fine-structure/molecular-
dynamics/Boltzmann/macroscopiclengthandtimescales,ofheattransferkinet-
ics in terms of transition rates and relaxation times, and its modern applica-
tions,includingnano-andmicroscalesizeeffects.Numerousexamples,illustra-
tions,andhomeworkproblemswithanswerstoenhancelearningareincluded.
This new edition includes applications in energy conversion (including chem-
ical bond, nuclear, and solar), expanded examples of size effects, inclusion of
junction quantum transport, and discussion of graphene and its phonon and
electronic conductances. New appendix coverage of phonon contributions to
the Seebeck coefficient, Monte Carlo methods and ladder operators is also
included.
MassoudKavianyisaProfessorintheDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
and in the Applied Physics Program at the University of Michigan, where he
hasbeensince1986.Hisareaofteachingandresearchisheattransferphysics,
withaparticularinterestinporousmedia.Hiscurrentprojectsincludeatomic
structuralmetricsinhigh-performancethermoelectricmaterials(bothelectron
and phonon transport) and in laser cooling of solids (including ab initio cal-
culationsofphoton-electronandelectron-phononcouplings),andtheeffectof
porewaterinpolymerelectrolytetransportandfuelcellperformance.Hisinte-
grationofresearchintoeducationiscurrentlyfocusedonheattransferphysics,
treatingtheatomic-levelkineticsoftransportandinteractionofphonon,elec-
tron,fluidparticle,andphotoninaunifiedmanner.Itcombinesabinitio(fine
structure), molecular dynamics, Boltzmann transport, and macroscopic treat-
ments, but on increasing length and times scales. He is author of the mono-
graphsPrinciplesofHeatTransferinPorousMedia(2ndEd.)andPrinciplesof
Convective Heat Transfer (2nd Ed.), and the undergraduate textbooks Princi-
plesofHeatTransferandEssentialsofHeatTransfer.HereceivedtheCollege
of Engineering’s Education Excellence Award in 2003. He is an editor of the
JournalofNanoscaleandMicroscaleThermophysicalEngineeringandisonthe
editorialboardoftheInternationalJournalofHeatandMassTransferandsev-
eral other international journals. He is an ASME Fellow (since 1992) and an
APSFellow(since2011),wasChairoftheCommitteeonTheoryandFunda-
mental Research in Heat Transfer (1995–98), and is the recipient of the 2002
ASME Heat Transfer Memorial Award (Science) and the 2010 Harry Potter
GoldMedal(ThermodynamicsScience).

Heat Transfer Physics
SecondEdition
Massoud Kaviany
UniversityofMichigan
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Kaviany,M.(Massoud),author.
Heattransferphysics/MassoudKaviany.–Secondedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-04178-3(hardback)
1.Nuclearreactorkinetics. 2.Changeofstate(Physics) 3.Heatstorage. 4.Heat–Transmission.
I.Title.
QC787.N8K39 2013
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Contents
Preface pagexvii
Acknowledgments xxi
1 IntroductionandPreliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 PrincipalCarriers:Phonon,Electron,FluidParticle,and
Photon 3
1.1.1 Phonon 4
1.1.2 Electron(andHole) 7
1.1.3 FluidParticle 8
1.1.4 Photon 9
1.2 EquilibriumandNonequilibriumEnergyOccupancy
Distributions 10
1.2.1 NonequilibriumEnergyCarrierOccupancybyEnergy
Conversion 10
1.2.2 TransportPhenomenaRelatedtoEnergyOccupancy
Distributions 14
1.3 Particles,Waves,WavePacketsandQuasi-Particlesand
DensityofStates 16
1.4 AHistoryofContributionsTowardHeatTransferPhysics 17
1.5 FundamentalConstantsandFine-StructureScales 20
1.5.1 BoltzmannandPlanckConstants 20
1.5.2 AtomicUnitsandFine-StructureScales 21
1.6 PrincipalCarriers:Concentration,Energy,Kinetics,and
Speed 23
1.6.1 Principal-EnergyCarriersConcentration 24
1.6.2 Principal-CarrierEnergy 25
1.6.3 Principal-CarrierEnergyTransport/Transformation
Kinetics 26
1.6.4 Principal-CarrierSpeed 28
1.7 PeriodicTableofElements 28
vii
viii Contents
1.8 HeatTransferPhysics:Atomic-LevelEnergyKinetics 32
1.8.1 ThermalEnergyStorage 32
1.8.2 ThermalEnergyTransport 33
1.8.3 ThermalEnergyTransformation 35
1.9 DensityofStatesandCarrierDensity 40
1.10 AbInitio/MD/BTE/MacroscopicTreatments 42
1.11 Scope 44
1.12 Problems 46
2 MolecularOrbitals/Potentials/Dynamics,andQuantum
EnergyStates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.1 InteratomicForcesandPotentialWells 50
2.1.1 InteratomicForces 52
2.1.2 IntermolecularForces 52
2.1.3 KineticandPotentialEnergiesandPotentialWells 53
2.2 OrbitalsandInteratomicPotentialModels 58
2.2.1 AtomicandMolecularElectronOrbitals 58
2.2.2 AbInitioComputationofInteratomicPotentials 61
2.2.3 PotentialModelsandPhases 65
2.2.4 ExamplesofAtomicBondLengthandEnergy 72
2.2.5 RadialDistributionofAtomsinDensePhase 73
2.3 MolecularEnsembles,Temperature,andThermodynamic
Relations 75
2.3.1 EnsemblesandComputationalMolecularDynamics 75
2.3.2 EnergyEquipartition 75
2.3.3 ThermodynamicRelations 76
2.4 HamiltonianMechanics 77
2.4.1 ClassicalandQuantumHamiltonians 77
2.4.2 ProbabilityandPartitionFunction 79
2.4.3 ErgodicHypothesisinTheoreticalStatistical
Mechanics 81
2.5 MolecularDynamicsSimulations 81
2.5.1 EnsembleandDiscretizationofGoverningEquations 81
2.5.2 AMolecularDynamicsSimulationCaseStudy:L–JAr
FCC 86
2.5.3 L–JFCCMDScalesinClassicalHarmonicOscillator 88
2.5.4 L–JPotentialPhaseTransformations 92
2.5.5 AtomicDisplacementinSolidsandQuantumEffects 93
2.5.6 SpecificHeatCapacity 94
2.5.7 HeatFluxVector 95
2.6 Schro¨dingerEquationandQuantumEnergyStates 96
2.6.1 Time-DependentSchro¨dingerEquationandWave
Vector 97
2.6.2 BlochWaveForm 99