Heat Transfer in Single and Multiphase Systems (The CRC Press Series in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)

618 Pages·2003·5.19 MB·English

by  Greg F. Naterer

Heat Transfer
in Single and
Multiphase
Systems
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Mechanical Engineering Series
Frank Kreith - Series Editor
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Heat Transfer in Single and Multiphase Systems
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© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Heat Transfer
in Single and
Multiphase
Systems
Greg F. Naterer
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Greg F. Naterer. Heat transfer in single and multiphase systems
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1032-6
1. Heat--Transmission. 2. Multiphase flow.
TJ260 .H39454 2002
621.402′2--dc21 2002025922
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
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International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1032-6
Library of Congress Card Number 2002025922
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
To my wife Josie,
our children Jordan and Julia,
and my Mother and Father
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
i
Preface
Heattransferisamajorpartofmanyengineeringtechnologies.Frompower
generationandenergystoragetomaterialsprocessing,aircraftde-icing,and
many other applications, the mechanisms of heat transfer contribute
substantially to various technological advances. A primary motivation for
writing this book comes from discovering the need for a single source of
material to cover each mode of multiphase heat transfer, as well as the
fundamentals of heat transfer. Traditionally, these topics have usually been
segregated into various sources or focused on a specific part of multiphase
systems. As a result, analogies and a unified framework with a common
nomenclature could not be established in a single source, despite the
similarities between each mode of multiphase heat transfer.
This book has been developed based on course notes from both under-
graduate and graduate-level courses. It includes material from various
engineering projects at both levels. Thus, this book can serve both
introductory and follow-up courses in heat transfer (such as advanced
topiccourses,i.e.,multiphaseflowswithheattransfer),aswellasgraduate-
level heat transfer. It should properly follow a first course in fluid
mechanics. The student is expected to have knowledge of vector calculus
and differential equations.
Thetextisorganizedintofivemainparts:(i)introduction(Chapter1),(ii)
single phase heat transfer (Chapters 2 to 4), (iii) multiphase heat transfer
(Chapters 5 to 9), (iv) heat exchangers (Chapter 10), and (v) computational
heat transfer (Chapter 11). The introduction provides the reader with
fundamentals of heat transfer. The modes of single phase heat transfer,
including conduction, convection, and radiation, arecovered in the second
part.Then,thereadermayfocusonallmultiphasesystems(Chapters5to9)
or on any particular system, such as liquid(cid:1)solid systems (Chapter 8),
/
without a loss of continuity. Finally, heat exchangers and numerical heat
transfer are presented in the fourth and fifth parts, respectively.
During the past several years, numerous colleagues and students have
contributed in significant ways to the development and preparation of the
material in this book. I would like to express my sincere gratitude for this
valuable input, particularly to the following reviewers: Dr. D.W. Fraser
(University of Manitoba), Dr. J.A. Camberos (U.S. Air Force Research
Laboratory), Dr. J.A. Esfahani (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad), Dr. D.C.
Roach (University of New Brunswick), R. Xu, M. Milanez, P.S. Glockner,
O.B. Adeyinka, and Dr. J.T. Bartley (University of Manitoba).
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
iii
Author
G.F.NatererisanassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofMechanicaland
Industrial Engineering at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
He has written numerous publications on heat transfer, multiphase flows,
Second Law Analysis, and fluid dynamics. He is a member of the AIAA,
CSME,ASME,andAPEGM,wherehehasbeeninvolvedwithinternational
conferences as a session chairman, as a committee member, as an editorial
board member (CSME Transactions) and in other roles. He is currently
servingontheThermophysicsTechnicalCommitteeofAIAA,aswellason
the education and international activities committees therein. Dr. Naterer
received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, in 1995.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
v
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction......................................................................................1
1.1 Vector and Tensor Notations........................................................................3
1.2 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions.....................................................4
1.3 Eulerian and Lagrangian Descriptions.......................................................6
1.4 Properties of a System...................................................................................7
1.4.1 Thermodynamic Properties..............................................................7
1.4.2 Kinematic Properties.......................................................................11
1.4.3 Transport Properties........................................................................11
1.4.4 Other Properties...............................................................................13
1.5 Conduction Heat Transfer...........................................................................13
1.6 Convective Heat Transfer............................................................................16
1.7 Radiative Heat Transfer...............................................................................18
1.8 Phase Change Heat Transfer......................................................................19
1.9 Conservation of Energy...............................................................................22
Problems.................................................................................................................25
Chapter 2 Conduction Heat Transfer...........................................................29
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................29
2.2 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction..........................................................31
2.3 Thermal and Contact Resistances..............................................................36
2.4 Fins and Extended Surfaces........................................................................42
2.5 Multidimensional Heat Conduction..........................................................49
2.6 Graphical Solution Methods.......................................................................53
2.7 Analytical Methods......................................................................................55
2.8 Transient Heat Conduction.........................................................................61
2.9 Combined Transient and Spatial Effects..................................................65
References..............................................................................................................70
Problems.................................................................................................................70
Chapter 3 Convective Heat Transfer............................................................79
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................79
3.2 Convection Governing Equations..............................................................81
3.2.1 Mass and Momentum Equations..................................................81
3.2.1.1 Conservation of Mass......................................................81
3.2.1.2 Momentum Equations.....................................................82
3.2.2 Mechanical and Internal Energy Equations................................86
3.2.2.1 Mechanical Energy Equation..........................................87
3.2.2.2 First Law of Thermodynamics (Total Energy)............89
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
vi Heat Transfer in Single and Multiphase Systems
3.2.2.3 Internal Energy Equation................................................90
3.3 Velocity and Thermal Boundary Layers...................................................93
3.4 Nondimensional Form of Governing Equations.....................................98
3.5 Heat and Momentum Analogies.............................................................105
3.6 External Forced Convection......................................................................107
3.6.1 External Flow Past Flat Plate.......................................................108
3.6.1.1 Similarity Solutions........................................................108
3.6.1.2 Discrete Scaling Analysis..............................................113
3.6.1.3 Integral Solution Method..............................................115
3.6.1.4 Correlations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow..........118
3.6.2 External Flow Past a Circular Cylinder.....................................120
3.6.3 External Flow Past Other Configurations.................................123
3.6.3.1 Sphere...............................................................................123
3.6.3.2 Tube Bundles...................................................................123
3.6.3.2.1. Aligned Tubes................................................125
3.6.3.2.2. Staggered Tubes.............................................125
3.7 Internal Forced Convection.......................................................................125
3.7.1 Internal Flow in Pipes...................................................................125
3.7.1.1 Specified (Constant) Wall Heat Flux...........................129
3.7.1.2 Constant Surface (Wall) Temperature.........................129
3.8 Free Convection..........................................................................................133
3.8.1 Governing Equations and Correlations.....................................133
3.8.2 Approximate Analysis of Free Convection...............................138
3.8.3 Effects of Geometrical Configuration.........................................142
3.8.3.1 Spheres..............................................................................143
3.8.3.2 Concentric Spheres.........................................................143
3.8.3.3 Tilted Rectangular Enclosures......................................144
3.9 Second Law of Thermodynamics............................................................144
3.9.1 Entropy Transport Equation........................................................144
3.9.2 Entropy Production Minimization..............................................145
3.10Turbulence Modeling.................................................................................149
3.10.1Nature of Turbulence....................................................................149
3.10.2Turbulence Definitions..................................................................150
3.10.3Turbulence Spectrum....................................................................151
3.10.4Modeling of Turbulence...............................................................152
3.10.4.1 Eddy Viscosity (Zero-Equation Model)......................155
3.10.4.2 Mixing Length (Zero-Equation Model)......................156
3.10.4.3 Turbulent Near-Wall Flow (Zero-Equation Model)..157
3.10.4.4 One-Equation Model (k)................................................158
3.10.4.5 Two-Equation Model (k(cid:2)o)..........................................159
/
References............................................................................................................160
Problems...............................................................................................................161
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC