Heat and themodynamics By Mark Waldo Zemansky,Richard Dittman PDF
Preview Heat and themodynamics By Mark Waldo Zemansky,Richard Dittman
11EAT AND THERMODYNAMICS MARK W. ZEMANSKY RICHARD H. DITTMAN Heat and Thermodynamics An Intermediate Textbook Heat and Thermodynamics An Intermediate Textbook SEVENTH EDITION Mark W. Zemansky, Ph.D. Late Professer of Posies ‘The Cy Coleg of The Cay Unversity of New York Richard H. Dittman, Ph.D. Professor of Physics Uniersity of Wisconsin Miwoukee THE MeGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. New York St Lovis Sim Frincsca Auckland Root Camicas Lisbon London Madrid Mevco City Milan Montreal Nest Delhi Sea fan Sioppore Syahey Tokyo Tewato By McGraw-Hill A Divison of The Mera 48 Companies HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS An Intermediate ‘Texthook Copyright 61997, 198), 108. 5; SL, 1983, 1977 hy ‘The Meir Campane nc Copsrigh renew 161, 191, 1963 by Mark WW. Zemamsby. All xighls reserve Prine a the Enkod States of Amenca, Excepr as permited under the United States Copyeight AS: af 19%. no pot uf hie publi eaey be aepredoel ur dno i vey foray se by ay wens, or ured Ja dua baw or rtreval syem, without dhe pioe esiton pesmision of the pubes ‘This hook is prin nm weid-teo paper 1234567490 PGR FGR DOOR TG ISON 0-07-017059-2 This hook wan sin Titus Roma by Keywor Paditig Service ‘he eto ute Kare, AB did Joe, Mares production The ceves wae dina by Karen K. Quieter Prajns aperviion war done Ds Keswor Pabst Séevets: urbe Printing ald wax ptr a bie. pr ebay Batre Pei, atwary af Congeoss Cataloging-Pubcation Data Zeman, Mark Waldo (1900-1951) eral theemedguamies an inermeite trboog: Mack W Zensanaky, Richard H. Dittman.—Ph ed P. cm (lelemaliondl ere in pure and applied physics) hades bibliographical referenocs and inde, SUN 7-017059-2 Hoar 2 Themadjuamics T.Dittean, Rithald, Tile su, Series. Qc2842.245 9? 26 det persen utp: abeollagescom Ho Adele C. Zemmsky and Maria M. Dittman ABOUT THE AUTHORS MARK W. ZEMANSKY was born in New York City in 1900, graduated from City College of New York in 1921, and received his Ph.D. degree from Columbia University in 1927. In 1925 he joined the faculty of City College, where he remained until his retirement in 1967, except for further research at Princeton University from 1928 to 1930 and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin from 1930 until 1931. Zemansky wrote the first edition of Heat and Thermo- dynumies in 1937. In 1947 Francis W. Sears and Zemansky published the first edition of College Physics and their University Physics in 1949. During his long association with the American Association of Physics Teachers he was associate editor of the American Journal of Physics irom 1941 1 1947, president of AAPT in 1951, and executive secretary from 1967 to 1970. He died in 1981 RICHARD H, DITTMAN was born in Sacramento, California in 1937, gradu- aled from Santa Clara University in 1959, and received his PhD. degree from Notre Dame University in 1965. Following a year’s research at the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin, he joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, where he remained, In collaboration with Glenn M. Schmieg he wrote Physics in Everyday Life in 1979. Dittman received two distinguished faculty teaching awards, one in 1971 and the other in 1989. He also served as chair of the Department of Physics and associate dean of the College of Letters and Science. CONTENTS PARTI Preface Notation Fundamental Concepts ‘Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 14 Macroscopic Point of View 1.2 Microscopic Point of View 1.3 Macroscopic vs. Microscopie Points of View 14 Scope of Thermodynamics 1.8. Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law 1.6 Concept of Temperature 17 Thermometers and Measurement of Temperature 1.8 Comparison of Thermometers 19 Gas Thermometer 1.40 Idcal-Gas Temperature 1.11 Celsius Temperature Seale 1.12 Platinum Resistance Thermometry 1,43 Radiation Thermometry 1.44 Vapor Pressure Thermometry 145 Thermocouple 1.16 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 1.47 Rankine and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales Simple Thermodynamic Systems 21 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 22 Equation of State 23° Hydrostatic Systems 24° Mathematical Theorems 25. Stretched Wire 2.6 Surfaces 27 Electrochemical Cell 28 Dielectric Slab 29. Paramagnetic Rod 2.10 Intensive and Extensive Coordinates Contents 3 Work 3.1 Work 32 Quasi-Static Process 3.3) Work in Changing the Volume ol a flydrostatic System 340 PY Disgram iydrastarie Work Mepends on the Path Cateulation of [Pa Tor Quisi-Stalic Procesoes Work in Changing the Lengih of a Wire Work in Changing the Arca of a Surlice File Work in Moxing Charge vith an Flectrochomical Cell 3.10 Work in Chemging the Tulst Polarization of a Dilecric Solid BH Work in Changing the Total Maguetization of a Paramagnetic Sotid 32 Generalized Work 3:13. Composive Systems Tleat anil the Hirst Law of Thermodynamics 4. Work snd Heat 42 Adiubstiv Work 43° tnternal-Buergy Function 44) Mathematical Formulation ol the First Law 45 Concept of Heat 46 Dilferential Form of the First Law 4.7 Hout Capacity and ils Mewsurement 48 Specific Heut of Waler, lhe Caloric 4.9 Kquations for a Hydrostatic System 4:10 Quei-Stulie Low of Leal; Heat Reservoir 4.1 Heat Conduction 4.12 ‘Thermal Conductivity and its Measurement 4,13 Meac Convection 4.14 Thermal Rudiation; Blackbedy 4,18 Kirchhoft’s Law: Radinted Heat 4.16 Stefan-Holtzmann Law Tdeal Gas 5. Lquation of Slate of « Gas 5.2 Inlemal Energy of a Real Gus 53 Ideal Gas Laperimental Determination of Hei Quusi-Skuic Adiabatic Process Riichhurdt's Method of Measuring ~ Velocity of a Longitudinal Wave Capacities Contents 58 ‘The Microscopic Point of View 59. Kinetic Theory of the Ideal Gas The Second Law of Thermodynamics 6.1 Conversion of Work imo Heat and View Versa 42 The Gasoline Engine 6A “The Diagel kngine 64 The Steam Engine 65 The Stieling Engine 66 Hear Engine; Kelvin-Mlanck Statement of the Sevoud Law 6:7 Rafrigeracor; Clausius’ Statement. of the Second Law 68 Equivalence of the Kelvie-Planck and Clausius Statements 6.9 Reversibility and lereversihility 6.10 External Mechanical Erceversibility 6.11 Interoal Mechanical Irreversibility 2 External ond Interusl ‘Thermal Ireeversibility 13 Chemical Irreversibility 6.14 Conditions for Reversibility ‘The Carnot Cyele and the Thermodynamic Temperature sabe Carnot Cycle Examples of Carnot Cycles Carnot Refrigerator Carnot's ‘Theorein and Corellary The Thermodynamic Femperature Seale Absolute Zero and Carnot Efficiency Equality of Wisal-Gas and Thermodynamic Vemperatures Entropy 8.1 Reversible Part of the Second [avs 82 Lmropy Principle of Carathéodory J4 Lntropy of the [dew Gas BS. TS Diagram 86 Eotropy and Reversibility 87 Entropy end Iereveribility BS leoversible Part of the Sooond Law 8.9. Heat and Entropy in Iteversible Processes 8.10 Batzupy und Nonequilibrium States an ea 140 140 la 146 aR 150 154 156 13, 159 161 col 162 6 168 168 m1 iy i 176 1K 180 186 6 1 12. wt Be Be 199 204 206 208
The list of books you might like
