Heart Physiology and Pathophysiology

1286 Pages·2001·70.258 MB·English

by  N. Sperelakis, et al.

HEART PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
F O U R T H E D I T I O N
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HEART PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
F O U R T H E D I T I O N
Edited by
NICHOLAS SPERELAKIS
(Editor-in-Chief)
UniversityofCincinnatiMedicalCenter
andSperelakisResearchandConsulting
(www.SperelakisConsulting.com)
Cincinnati,Ohio
YOSHIHISA KURACHI
DepartmentofPharmacologyII
GraduateSchoolofMedicine
OsakaUniversity
Osaka,Japan
ANDRE TERZIC
DivisionofCardiovascularDiseases
andDepartmentofInternalMedicine,
andDepartmentofMolecularPharmacology
andExperimentalTherapeutics
MayoClinicandFoundation
Rochester,Minnesota
MICHAEL V. COHEN
DepartmentsofMedicineandPhysiology
UniversityofSouthAlabama
CollegeofMedicine
Mobile,Alabama
ACADEMIC PRESS
AHarcourtScienceandTechnologyCompany
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Frontcoverimages:(Left)Three-dimensional(NMR)structureofCaMbound
toasyntheticpeptidecorrespondingtotheCaM-bindingdomain(residues796-
815)ofsmoothmuscleMLCK.(Right)Three-dimensional(X-raycrystallographic)
structureoffreeCaMwithfourboundCa2(cid:1)ions.Formoreinformation,seecolor
Figure4inChapter32.(Background)Modelofcalcium-dependentinactivation
oftheL-type(cid:1) channel.Formoreinformation,seeFigure5inChapter13.
1C
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Dedication
ThefourtheditionofHeartPhysiologyandPathophysiologyisdedicatedtoPlanetEarthanditsanimalandplantinhabitants.
The destruction of the environment and toxic pollution of the air, water, and soil are still occurring at an alarming rate. Our
wilderness,forests,parks,andfarmlandareunderincreasingpressure.Thereisanurgentneedforglobalpopulationstabilization
andglobalhumanrights.Ourmainsalvationmaybethosenumerousnationalandinternationalnonprofitorganizationsthatare
dedicatedtohaltingtheruthlessdestructionofourplanetandtheinhumanetreatmentofanimalsandhumans.Theseorganizations
areconcernedabouttheenvironment,wildlife,forests,farmland,overpopulation,animalrightsandwelfare,andhumanrights.
Suchdeservingorganizationsareindesperateneedofsupportfromallofus.Weurgeallreadersofthisbooktoexpresstheir
serious and urgent concern for the well-being of Planet Earth and all of its inhabitants, and to help educate the public and
governmentsworldwide.
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‘‘The Foundation of Every State is Education of its Youth.’’
Diogenes
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Contents
Contributors xiii 8. Gap-Junction Channels and Healing-Over
Foreword xix of Injury 149
Preface xxi
DAVIDC.SPRAY,SYLVIAO.SUADICANI,
MONIQUEJ.VINK,ANDMIDUTURUSRINIVAS
P A R T
I
P A R T
II
PUMPING ACTION AND ELECTRICAL
ACTIVITY OF THE HEART CELLULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF
HEART AND VASCULAR
SMOOTH MUSCLE
1. Sequence of Cardiac Activation and
Ventricular Mechanics 3
JAMESM.DOWNEYANDGERDHEUSCH 9. Electrogenesis of the Resting
Potential 175
2. Coronary Circulation and
NICHOLASSPERELAKIS,MASANORISUNAGAWA,AND
Hemodynamics 19
MARIKONAKAMURA
JOSA.E.SPAAN,JANJ.PIEK,ANDMARIASIEBES
10. Cardiac Action Potentials 199
3. Neurohumoral Control of Cardiac
GORDONM.WAHLER
Function 45
JEFFREYL.ARDELL
11. Electrophysiology of Vascular
4. Control of Cardiac Output and its Smooth Muscle 213
Alterations during Exercise and in
JANEA.MADDENANDNANCYJ.RUSCH
Heart Failure 61
JAMESM.DOWNEYANDGERDHEUSCH
12. Sodium Channels 229
KATSUSHIGEONOANDMAKOTOARITA
5. Ultrastructure of Cardiac Muscle and
Blood Vessels 71
MICHAELS.FORBES 13. Voltage-Dependent Calcium
Channels 247
6. Excitability and Impulse Propagation 99 LUBICALACINOVA´ ANDFRANZHOFMANN
MORTONF.ARNSDORFANDJONATHANC.MAKIELSKI
14. Voltage-Dependent K(cid:1) Channels 259
7. Electrocardiogram and Cardiac
Excitation 133 HAROLDC.STRAUSS,MICHAELJ.MORALES,
SHIMINWANG,MULUGUV.BRAHMAJOTHI,AND
YORAMRUDY DONALDL.CAMPBELL
vii
viii Contents
15. Inwardly-Rectifying K(cid:1) Channels 24. Transport in Nucleus 437
in the Heart 281
CARMENM.PEREZ-TERZIC,A.MARQUISGACY,AND
ANDRETERZIC
MASAYUKITANEMOTO,AKIKAZUFUJITA,AND
YOSHIHISAKURACHI
25. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2(cid:1)
16. Voltage and Calcium-Activated K(cid:1) Transport 447
Channels of Coronary Smooth Muscle 309
ISTVANEDES,GUOXIANGCHU,ANDEVANGELIAG.KRANIAS
JUREMARIJICANDLIGIATORO
26. Calcium Release from Cardiac
17. Ion Channels in Vascular Smooth Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 461
Muscle 327
GERHARDMEISSNER
JUNYAMAZAKIANDKENJIKITAMURA
18. Cardiac Pacemaker Currents 357 P A R T
IV
D.DIFRANCESCO,A.MORONI,M.BARUSCOTTI,AND
ERICA.ACCILI
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM
19. Chloride Channels in Heart 373
ROBERTD.HARVEYANDJOSEPHR.HUME 27. Function of Vascular Endothelium 473
STEPHANIEH.WILSONANDAMIRLERMAN
20. Regulation of Cardiac Ion Channels
by Phosphorylation, Ca2(cid:1), 28. Ion Channels in Vascular
Cytoskeleton, and Stretch 389 Endothelium 481
MASAYASUHIRAOKA,YUJIHIRANO,SEIKOKAWANO,AND BERNDNILIUSANDGUYDROOGMANS
TETSUSHIFURUKAWA
P A R T
P A R T
V
III
EXCITATION–CONTRACTION
PUMPS AND EXCHANGERS
COUPLING AND
PHARMACOMECHANICAL COUPLING
21. Cardiac Na(cid:1)/K(cid:1) Pump 407
JOSEPHR.STIMERS
29. Electromechanical and
Pharmacomechanical Coupling in
22. Cardiac Na(cid:1)–Ca2(cid:1) Exchanger:
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 501
Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 417
GUYDROOGMANS,BERNDNILIUS,HUMBERTDESMEDT,
JUNKOKIMURA JANB.PARYS,ANDLUDWIGMISSIAEN
23. Na(cid:1)/H(cid:1) Exchanger and pH 30. Mechanisms Regulating Cardiac
Regulation 427 Myofilament Response to Calcium 519
M.PUCE´AT R.JOHNSOLARO
Contents ix
31. Vascular Smooth Muscle 39. Diadenosine Polyphosphate Signaling in
Contraction 527 the Heart 693
GARYJ.KARGACINANDMICHAELP.WALSH ALEKSANDARJOVANOVIC,SOFIJAJOVANOVIC,AND
ANDRETERZIC
P A R T
P A R T
VI
VIII
METABOLISM AND ENERGETICS
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
AND AGING
32. Myocardial Energy Metabolism 543
PAULF.KANTOR,GARYD.LOPASCHUK,ANDLIONELH.OPIE
40. Cardiac Development and Regulation of
Cardiac Transcription 705
33. Metabolism and Energetics of Vascular FRE´DE´RICCHARRONANDMONANEMER
Smooth Muscle 571
CHRISTOPHERD.HARDIN,TARAJ.ALLEN,ANDRICHARDJ.PAUL
41. Developmental Changes of Ion
Channels 719
HISASHIYOKOSHIKIANDNORITSUGUTOHSE
P A R T
VII
42. Aging of the Cardiovascular System 737
SIGNALING SYSTEMS EDWARDG.LAKATTA,YING-YINGZHOU,RUI-PINGXIAO,AND
MARVINBOLUYT
34. Adrenergic Receptors in the
43. Changes in Autonomic Responsiveness
Cardiovascular System 599
during Development 761
JONW.LOMASNEYANDLEEF.ALLEN
RICHARDB.ROBINSON,MICHAELR.ROSEN,AND
SUSANF.STEINBERG
35. Cardiac Action of Angiotensin II 609
MASAOENDOH
P A R T
IX
36. ATP and Adenosine Signal
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
Transductions 633
CARDIOACTIVE DRUGS
AMIRPELLEG,GUYVASSORT,ANDJOHNA.AUCHAMPACH
37. Kinase Signaling in the 44. Inotropic Mechanism in Cardiac
Cardiovascular System 657 Muscle 779
JUN-ICHIABE,CHENYAN,JAMESSURAPISITCHAT,AND DONALDM.BERS
BRADFORDC.BERK
45. Mechanisms of Action of
38. Calcium Signaling 679 Calcium Antagonists 789
DEREKTERRAR,STEVANRAKOVIC,ANDANTONYGALIONE HELMUTA.TRITTHART