Heart failure updates PDF
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Heart Failure Updates Dedication To our families My wife Christine and our children, Ruairí, Róisín, Éamon, Cormac and Ciarán JJVM My wife Janice (in memoriam) and our children Katie and Michael MAP Heart Failure Updates John JV McMurray MD FRCP FESC FACC Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow And Honorary Consultant Cardiologist Western Infirmary Glasgow, UK Marc A Pfeffer MD PhD Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston MA, USA Editors With a foreword by Eugene Braunwald MD Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA, USA © 2003 Martin Dunitz, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group plc First published in the United Kingdom in 2003 by Martin Dunitz, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group plc, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Tel.: +44 (0) 20 7583 9855 Fax.: +44 (0) 20 7842 2298 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dunitz.co.uk This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any license permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-48866-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-59561-0 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1 84184 072 6(Print Edition) Distributed in the USA by Fulfilment Center Taylor & Francis 10650 Toebben Drive Independence, KY 41051, USA Toll Free Tel.: +1 800 634 7064 E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in Canada by Taylor & Francis 74 Rolark Drive Scarborough, Ontario M1R 4G2, Canada Toll Free Tel.: +1 877 226 2237 E-mail: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1264 332424 E-mail: [email protected] Composition by EXPO Holdings, Malaysia Contents Contributors vii Foreword ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction: Definition, diagnosis and treatment 1 Ramachandran S Vasan and Daniel Levy 2 Brain natriuretic peptide: A blood test for the diagnosis of heart failure and monitoring of its treatment? 19 Theresa A McDonagh 3 Metabolic comorbid conditions in chronic heart failure: Diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia. 35 Henry Krum, Jennifer Martin, Steven Haas and Richard Gilbert 4 Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: Aetiological, prognostic and therapeutic considerations 59 Lars Køber and Christian Torp-Pedersen (cid:1) 5 -blockers: Mandatory for everyone with heart failure? 79 Karl Swedberg 6 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers in heart failure and high risk myocardial infarction 97 Marc A Pfeffer and John JV McMurray 7 The role of mineralocorticoid receptor blocking agents in patients with heart failure and cardiovascular disease 115 Bertram Pitt and Sanjay Rajagopalan vi Contents 8 Omapatrilat: The potential of vasopeptidase inhibition 141 Nathalie Lapointe and Jean L Rouleau 9 Inotropes and other new therapies for acute heart failure 159 G Michael Felker and Christopher M O’Connor 10 Endothelin receptor antagonists: Will they join the therapeutic armamentarium? 175 John R Teerlink (cid:2) 11 Anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy- in chronic heart failure- what went wrong? 201 Stefan D Anker 12 Nurse intervention: Can our patients do without it? 215 Simon Stewart 13 Innovative surgery in heart failure: A new era? 241 James B Young 14 The era of devices? Biventricular pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators 261 William T Abraham Index 279 Contributors William T Abraham MD FACP Henry Krum MBBS PhD FRACP Professor of Internal Medicine, Chief, Professor and Director Division of Cardiology NHMRC CCRE in Therapeutics The Ohio State University College of Clinical Pharmacology Unit Medicine Monash University Associate Director for Clincial/ Alfred Hospital Transitional Research and Cardiology Melbourne, Australia The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute Nathalie Lapointe RN MSc Columbus OH, USA Division of Cardiology University Health Network Stefan D Anker MD PhD Mount Sinai Hospital Division of Applied Cachexia Toronto ON, Canada Research Department of Cardiology Daniel Levy MD Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum National Heart, Lung and Blood Berlin, Germany Institute’s Framingham Heart Study AndNational Heart and Lung Framingham, MA Institute The Divisions of Cardiology and Imperial College School of Medicine Clinical Epidemiology London, UK Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA G Michael Felker MD Department of Preventive Medicine Division of Cardiology and Epidemiology Department of Medicine Boston University School of Duke University Medical Center Medicine, Boston MA Durham NC, USA The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda MD, USA Richard Gilbert MBBS PhD FRACP University of Melbourne Jennifer Martin MB ChB FRACP Melbourne, Australia Clinical Pharmacology Unit Monash University Steven Haas BSc (Pharm) Alfred Hospital Clinical Pharmacology Unit Melbourne, Australia Monash University Alfred Hospital Theresa A McDonagh Melbourne, Australia Senior Lecturer/ Consultant Cardiologist Lars Køber MD DrSci University of Glasgow Senior Consultant Glasgow, UK Rigshospitalet Heart Centre Department of Medicine Christopher M O’Connor MD Division of Cardiology Professor, Division of Cardiology Rigshospitalet Department of Medicine Copenhagen, Denmark Duke University Medical Center Durham NC, USA viii Contributors Bertram Pitt MD John R Teerlink MD Division of Cardiology Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of California, San University of Michigan School of Francisco Medicine Director, Heart Failure Clinic and Ann Arbor MI, USA Director, Clinical Echocardiography San Francisco VA Medical Center Sanjay Rajagopalan MD San Francisco CA, USA Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Christian Torp-Pedersen MD University of Michigan School of Department of Cardiology Medicine Gentofte University Ann Arbor MI, USA Copenhagen, Denmark Jean L Rouleau MD Ramachandran S Vasan MD Dean, Faculty of Medicine National Heart, Lung and Blood University of Montreal Institute’s Framingham Heart Study Montreal, Quebec, Canada Framingham, MA Department of Preventive Medicine Simon Stewart BA BN Grad Dip Ad and Epidemiology Ed PhD FESC FAHA Boston University School of National Heart Foundation/ Roche Medicine Chair of Cardiovascular Nursing Boston MA, USA School of Nursing and Midwifery University of South Adelaide James B Young MD Adelaide, Australia Medical Director, Kaufman Center for Heart Failure Karl Swedberg MD PhD Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Professor of Medicine Transplant Medicine Göteborg University Cleveland Clinic Foundation Department of Medicine Cleveland OH, USA Sahlgrenska University Hospital/ Östra Göteborg, Sweden Foreword Heart failure: The last battleground During the last 50 years there have been dazzling advances in the battle against heart disease. Almost all forms of congenital and valvular heart disease are now being corrected by cardiac surgeons and interventional cardiologists. Hypertension and infective endocarditis are effectively controlled by drugs, and lipid lowering therapy has greatly reduced the incidence of first and recurrent heart attacks. Perhaps the greatest success has been with acute myocardial infarction, with early mortality declining by three quarters using early antiarrhythmic therapy and reperfusion. As a consequence of these and related advances, the age-adjusted mortality rate from heart disease and stroke has declined by a spectacular two thirds during this period. However, at the same time, the total number of deaths due to cardiovascular disorders has actually remained constant. How can this be? The simple, perhaps overly simple, answer to this question is that while patients with heart disease now live longer (hence the reduction in the age-adjusted mortality rate), most are not ‘cured’ and still die of heart disease (hence the unchanged crude or total mortality). However, the causes of death are distinctly different. Instead of dying of cerebral hemorrhage or acute pulmonary edema secondary to uncon- trolled hypertension, or succumbing to ventricular fibrillation or acute cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction, or sepsis secondary to infective endocarditis, or cerebral anoxia due to cyanotic congenital heart disease, more often patients are sustaining chronic myocardial damage which ultimately leads to chronic heart failure and death from this disorder. Heart failure truly is the last battleground of heart disease, and this is both the worst of times and the best of times in this battle. It is the worst of times because the enemy is growing steadily stronger. We are now in the midst of the greatest heart failure pandemic in human history. The prevalence of heart failure is rising steadily and ominously all over the globe. In the United States alone, there were 999,000 hospital admissions for heart failure in 2000, this diagnosis being the most common of all diagnoses in the Medicare population. It is estimated that more than 20 million persons worldwide suffer from this disabling, usually fatal con- dition. However, this is also the best of times in the battle because of our growing defenses against this enemy. Enormous progress is being made in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heart failure.
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