Heart Failure (OSH) PDF
Preview Heart Failure (OSH)
OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS Heart Failure Oxford Specialist Handbooks published and forthcoming General Oxford Specialist Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Handbooks Neurology A Resuscitation Room Guide Epilepsy Addiction Medicine Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Day Case Surgery Disorders Perioperative Medicine, 2e Stroke Medicine Pharmaceutical Medicine Postoperative Complications, 2e Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Renal Transplantation Oncology Practical Management of Complex Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Cancer Pain Anaesthesia Anaesthesia for Medical and Surgical Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Emergencies Paediatrics Cardiac Anaesthesia Paediatric Dermatology Neuroanaesthesia Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Obstetric Anaesthesia Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Ophthalmic Anaesthesia and Nutrition Paediatric Anaesthesia Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Regional Anaesthesia, Stimulation and Paediatric Intensive Care Ultrasound Techniques Paediatric Nephrology, 2e Thoracic Anaesthesia Paediatric Neurology, 2e Paediatric Radiology Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Cardiology Paediatric Rheumatology Adult Congenital Heart Disease Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Intervention Pain Medicine Cardiac Electrophysiology and Spinal Interventions in Pain Management Catheter Ablation Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Cardiovascular Computed Psychiatry Tomography Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Forensic Psychiatry Echocardiography, 2e Old Age Psychiatry Fetal Cardiology Heart Failure, 2e Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Hypertension Radiology Inherited Cardiac Disease Interventional Radiology Nuclear Cardiology Musculoskeletal Imaging Pacemakers and ICDs Pulmonary Imaging Pulmonary Hypertension Thoracic Imaging Valvular Heart Disease Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Surgery Critical Care Cardiothoracic Surgery, 2e Advanced Respiratory Critical Care Colorectal Surgery Cardiothoracic Critical Care Gastric and Oesophageal Surgery Hand Surgery Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery End of Life Care Neurosurgery End of Life Care in Cardiology Operative Surgery, 2e End of Life Care in Dementia Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery End of Life Care in Nephrology Otolaryngology and Head and Neck End of Life Care in Respiratory Surgery Disease Paediatric Surgery End of Life in the Intensive Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Care Unit Surgical Oncology Urological Surgery Vascular Surgery Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Cardiology Heart Failure Second Edition Roy S. Gardner Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, Glasgow, UK Theresa A. McDonagh Kings College Hospital, London, UK Niki L. Walker Scottish Adult Congenital Cardiac Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, Glasgow, UK 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 204 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2007 Second Edition published in 204 Impression: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 98 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 006, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 204934228 ISBN 978–0–9–96745–2 Printed in China by C&C Offset Printing Co. Ltd Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breast-feeding. Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. v Preface Heart failure is an important and ever expanding sub-speciality of cardio- logy. Many health care professionals are now developing specialist expertise in heart failure. This is true for cardiologists in training, consultant cardiolo- gists, care of the elderly and general physicians, cardiothoracic surgeons, primary care doctors, pharmacists, and specialist nurses. With advances in medical therapy, the prognosis of the condition has improved dramatically. Where once heart failure was a pre-terminal diag- nosis, now for many it is treatable. However, some patients remain symp- tomatic and at high risk of death despite maximal medical therapy. These patients can now benefit from a range of novel devices and other advanced therapies. Heart failure is an extremely complex condition to both diagnose and manage. This is due in particular to the large burden of co-morbidities involved. This has made multi-professional delivery of heart failure care essential to achieve the best outcomes for patients. This book aims to cover comprehensively all aspects necessary to man- age a patient with heart failure. It gives simple, clear advice on the diagnosis, investigation, and treatment options available. The book is set out logically to mirror the patient journey in heart failure. The chapters provide concise and objective information to guide all health care professionals involved in the modern day multi-disciplinary man- agement of the syndrome. In addition it is also designed to be an effective training manual for cardiology juniors and trainees in heart failure specialist nursing programmes. As such, we hope that this book, in the easy to use Oxford Handbook style, will serve as the flagship manual of heart failure management that addresses the needs of all the health care team. Our ultimate desire is that it facilitates the practice of optimal evidence- based management of heart failure to improve outcomes for our patients. RSG TAMcD NLW 204 vii Contents Symbols and Abbreviations ix Section I Introduction to heart failure Definition of heart failure, basic epidemiology, and pathophysiology 3 Section II Chronic heart failure 2 Diagnosis and investigation 9 3 Estimating prognosis 3 4 Non-pharmacological management 43 5 Pharmacological management 5 6 Device therapy: which devices and for whom? 63 7 Coronary revascularization in heart failure 85 8 Other surgical techniques 9 9 Cardiac transplantation 99 0 Mechanical circulatory support 5 Section III Heart failure and co-morbidities CHF and adult congenital heart disease 33 2 The patient with CHF and anaemia 47 3 The patient with CHF and angina 53 4 The patient with CHF and arrhythmias 59 5 The patient with CHF and arthritis 7 6 The patient with CHF and cancer 8 7 The patient with CHF and diabetes 93 8 The patient with CHF and obstructive lung disease 99 9 The pregnant patient with HF 203 20 The patient with CHF and preserved LV systolic function (HF-PEF) 25 viii CONTENTS 2 The patient with CHF and renal dysfunction 225 22 The patient with CHF and RV dysfunction 233 23 The patient with CHF and specific heart muscle disease 237 24 The patient with CHF and valvular heart disease 285 Section IV Acute heart failure 25 Acute heart failure: from definition to diagnosis 305 26 Acute heart failure: management 37 Section V Procedures 27 Central venous cannulation 337 28 Cardiac catheterization 34 29 Endomyocardial biopsy 355 30 IABP insertion 36 3 Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing 367 32 CRT optimization 37 Section VI D etailed pharmacology and evidence base for drugs 33 ACE inhibitors 377 34 β-adrenoreceptor antagonists 385 35 Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) 395 36 Angiotensin receptor antagonists 403 37 Diuretics and aquaretics 43 38 Rate limiting therapy 423 39 Inotropes and vasopressors 43 40 Vasodilators 445 Section VII Multi-professional heart failure care 4 Heart failure services 457 42 Palliative care 467 Index 477 CONTENTS ix Symbols and abbreviations • warning 2 important 22 don’t dawdle controversial topic ♂ male ♀ female d decrease i increase l leading to E cross reference M website 6-MWT 6 minute walk test ACC American College of Cardiology ACE angiotensin converting enzyme ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone ADP adenosine diphosphate AF atrial fibrillation AHA American Heart Association A-HeFT African-American heart failure trial AHF acute heart failure AHI apnoea-hypopnoea index AIRE acute infarction ramipril efficacy study AMI acute myocardial infarction ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AR aortic regurgitation ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers ARVC arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy AS aortic stenosis AT angiotensin II type- ATII angiotensin II ATG antithymocyte globulin ATLAS assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival trial ATP anti-tachycardia pacing AV atrioventricular AVNRT atrioventricular nodal tachycardia
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