Heart Failure: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease PDF
Preview Heart Failure: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease
HEART FAILURE A COMPANION TO BRAUNWALD’S HEART DISEASE FOURTH EDITION G. MICHAEL FELKER, MD, MHS Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Chief, Heart Failure Section Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina DOUGLAS L. MANN, MD Lewin Chair and Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Physiology Chief, Division of Cardiology Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Cardiologist-in-Chief Barnes-Jewish Hospital St. Louis, Missouri HEART FAILURE: A COMPANION TO BRAUNWALD’S HEART DISEASE, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-60987-6 Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2016, 2011, and 2004. International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-60987-6 Publishing Director: Dolores Meloni Senior Content Development Specialist: Anne Snyder Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Albright Jackson Senior Project Manager: Claire Kramer Design Direction: Renee Duenow Printed in China. Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1600 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 To Claire, William, Caroline, and my parents Laura, Erica, Jonathan and Stephanie, and Dr. Nicholas Davidson (for being there) C O N T R I B U TO R S E. Dale Abel, MD, PhD Robert O. Bonow, MD, MS Francois M. Abboud Chair in Internal Medicine Max and Lilly Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Cardiology John B. Stokes III Chair in Diabetes Research Vice Chair for Development and Innovation Chair and Department Executive Officer Department of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Director, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center Chicago, Illinois Director, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Chapter 19: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Ischemic Heart Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Biomedical Disease Engineering University of Iowa Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FHFSA, FACP Carver College of Medicine The Mary and Gordon Cain Chair and W. A. “Tex” and Iowa City, Iowa Deborah Moncrief, Jr., Chair Chapter 17: Alterations in Cardiac Metabolism in Heart Failure Professor of Medicine and Vice Chair of Medicine Medicine Chief, DeBakey VA Medical Center Luigi Adamo, MD, PhD Associate Director, Cardiovascular Research Institute Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Specialist Director, Winters Center for Heart Failure Instructor of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital Houston, Texas Washington University School of Medicine Chapter 20: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Dilated St. Louis, Missouri Cardiomyopathy Chapter 12: Alterations in Ventricular Structure: Role of Left Ventricular Remodeling and Reverse Remodeling Michael R. Bristow, MD, PhD in Heart Failure Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Shah R. Ali, MD University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Cardiology Fellow Aurora, Colorado Department of Internal Medicine Chapter 6: Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Heart Failure Division of Cardiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Angela L. Brown, MD Dallas, Texas Associate Professor Chapter 3: Cellular Basis for Myocardial Regeneration and Repair Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology Larry A. Allen, MD, MHS Washington University School of Medicine Professor of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Division of Cardiology Chapter 40: Management of Heart Failure in Special Department of Medicine Populations: Older Patients, Women, and Racial/Ethnic Medical Director, Advanced Heart Failure Minority Groups University of Colorado School of Medicine Heiko Bugger, PD Dr med, FESC Aurora, Colorado Attending Cardiologist Chapter 50: Decision Making and Palliative Care in Advanced Department of Cardiology Heart Failure Medical University of Graz Graz, Austria George L. Bakris, MD Chapter 17: Alterations in Cardiac Metabolism in Heart Failure Professor of Medicine Director, American Society of Hypertension Comprehensive John C. Burnett, MD Hypertension Center Marriott Family Professor of Cardiovascular Research The University of Chicago Medicine Professor of Medicine and Physiology Chicago, Illinois Cardiorenal Research Laboratory Chapter 15: Alterations in Kidney Function Associated with Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Heart Failure Department of Physiology and Bioengineering College of Medicine Gerald S. Bloomfield, MD, MPH Mayo Clinic Associate Professor of Medicine and Global Health Rochester, Minnesota Duke Clinical Research Institute Chapter 9: Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure: Duke Global Health Institute and Department of Medicine Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Implications Duke University Durham, North Carolina Chapter 30: Heart Failure and Human Immunodeficiency Virus vi CONTRIBUTORS vii Javed Butler, MD, MPH, MBA Adam D. DeVore, MD, MHS Patrick Lehan Professor and Chairman Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine University of Mississippi School of Medicine The Duke Clinical Research Institute Jackson, Mississippi Durham, North Carolina Chapter 18: Epidemiology of Heart Failure Chapter 49: Quality and Outcomes in Heart Failure John D. Carroll, MD Abhinav Diwan, MD Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine Director of Interventional Cardiology Cell Biology and Physiolgoy Division of Cardiology Center for Cardiovascular Research University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine Aurora, Colorado Washington University School of Medicine Chapter 26: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Valvular Staff Physician, John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center Heart Disease St. Louis, Missouri Chapter 1: Molecular Basis for Heart Failure Adam Castaño, MD, MS Division of Cardiology Hilary M. DuBrock, MD, MMSc Center for Cardiac Amyloidosis Assistant Professor Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care New York, New York Mayo Clinic Chapter 22: Cardiac Amyloidosis Rochester Minnesota Chapter 43: Pulmonary Hypertension Anna Marie Chang, MD Assistant Professor, Emergency Medicine Shannon M. Dunlay, MD, MSc Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson Associate Professor of Medicine University Department of Cardiovascular Diseases Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mayo Clinic Chapter 47: Disease Management and Telemedicine in Rochester Minnesota Heart Failure Chapter 43: Pulmonary Hypertension Jay N. Cohn, MD Nina Dzhoyashvili, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Research Fellow Rasmussen Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Cardiorenal Research Laboratory University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Minneapolis, Minnesota Department of Physiology and Bioengineering Chapter 35: Disease Prevention in Heart Failure College of Medicine Mayo Clinic Wilson S. Colucci, MD Rochester, Minnesota Professor of Medicine and Physiology Chapter 9: Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure: Boston University School of Medicine Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Implications Chief, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Co-Director, Cardiovascular Center Gregory A. Ewald, MD Boston Medical Center Professor of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Associate Chief of Cardiology Chapter 8: Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure Medical Director, Cardiac Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support Program Louis J. Dell’Italia, MD Washington University School of Medicine Birmingham VA Medical Center St. Louis, Missouri University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Chapter 45: Circulatory Assist Devices in Heart Failure Birmingham, Alabama Chapter 5: Molecular Signaling Mechanisms of the Justin A. Ezekowitz, MBBCh, MSc Renin-Angiotensin System in Heart Failure Professor, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Anita Deswal, MD, MPH Co-Director, Canadian VIGOUR Centre Professor of Medicine Cardiologist, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute Baylor College of Medicine Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Chief, Section of Cardiology Chapter 48: Management of Comorbidities in Heart Failure Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center Houston, Texas Chapter 39: Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction viii CONTRIBUTORS James C. Fang, MD, FACC James D. Flaherty, MD, MS Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Division of Cardiology University of Utah Health Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah Chicago, Illinois Chapter 34: Hemodynamics in Heart Failure Chapter 19: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Ischemic Heart Disease Savitri Fedson, MD, MA Associate Professor John S. Floras, MD, DPhil, FRCPC Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Canada Research Chair in Integrative Cardiovacular Biology Baylor College of Medicine University Health Network and Sinai Health System Associate Professor Division of Cardiology Section of Cardiology Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Professor, Faculty of Medicine Houston, Texas University of Toronto Chapter 39: Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ejection Fraction Chapter 13: Alterations in the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems in Heart Failure Matthew J. Feinstein, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Medicine Viorel G. Florea, MD, PhD, DSc Division of Cardiology Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Minnesota Medical School Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System Chicago, Illinois Minneapolis, Minnesota Chapter 30: Heart Failure and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chapter 35: Disease Prevention in Heart Failure G. Michael Felker, MD, MHS Hanna K. Gaggin, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine Assistant Physician, Cardiology Division Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Chief, Heart Failure Section Assistant Professor of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine Harvard Medical School Durham, North Carolina Boston, Massachusetts Chapter 19: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Ischemic Chapter 33: Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Heart Failure Heart Disease Chapter 37: Contemporary Medical Therapy for Heart Barry Greenberg, MD Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction Distinguished Professor of Medicine Director, Advanced Heart Failure Treatment Program John D. Ferguson, MD Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Professor of Medicine University of California, San Diego Director of Electrophysiology La Jolla, California University of Virginia Medical Center Chapter 31: Clinical Evaluation of Heart Failure Charlottesville, Virginia Chapter 38: Management of Arrhythmias and Device Joshua M. Hare, MD Therapy in Heart Failure Louis Lemberg Professor of Medicine Cardiovascular Division Victor A. Ferrari, MD Director, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute Professor of Medicine and Radiology Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Chair, Penn Cardiovascular Imaging Council Miami, Florida Department of Medicine Chapter 21: Restrictive and Infiltrative Cardiovascular Medicine Division Cardiomyopathies and Arrhythmogenic Right Penn Cardiovascular Institute Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital Adrian F. Hernandez, MD, MHS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor of Medicine Chapter 32: Cardiac Imaging in Heart Failure Duke University School of Medicine The Duke Clinical Research Institute Carlos M. Ferrario, MD Durham, North Carolina Dewitt-Cordell Professor of Surgical Sciences Chapter 49: Quality and Outcomes in Heart Failure Department of Surgery Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston Salem, North Carolina Chapter 5: Molecular Signaling Mechanisms of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Heart Failure CONTRIBUTORS ix Joseph A. Hill, MD, PhD David A. Kass, MD Professor of Medicine and Molecular Biology Abraham and Virginia Weiss Professor of Cardiology James T. Willerson MD Distinguished Chair in Cardiovascular Professor of Medicine Diseases Professor of Biomedical Engineering Frank M. Ryburn, Jr., Chair in Heart Research Professor of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Director, Harry S. Moss Heart Center Director, Institute for CardioScience Chief of Cardiology The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Dallas, Texas Chapter 10: Systolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure Chapter 1: Molecular Basis for Heart Failure John Keaney, MB BCh BAO Nasrien E. Ibrahim, MD Electrophysiologist Assistant in Medicine Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Cardiology Division Dublin, Ireland Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Chapter 42: Neuromodulation in Heart Failure Massachusetts General Hospital Instructor of Medicine Ahsan A. Khan, MBChB, MRCP Harvard Medical School Clinical Research Fellow in Cardiology Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences Chapter 33: Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Heart Failure University of Birmingham City Hospital James L. Januzzi, Jr., MD Birmingham, United Kingdom Physician, Cardiology Division Chapter 14: Alterations in the Peripheral Circulation in Massachusetts General Hospital Heart Failure Hutter Family Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Paul J. Kim, MD Boston, Massachusetts Assistant Professor of Medicine Chapter 33: Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Heart Failure Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of California, San Diego Susan M. Joseph, MD La Jolla, California Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease Chapter 31: Clinical Evaluation of Heart Failure Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Texas Jon A. Kobashigawa, MD Chapter 40: Management of Heart Failure in Special Professor of Medicine Populations: Older Patients, Women, and Racial/Ethnic Associate Director, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute Minority Groups Director, Advanced Heart Disease Section Director, Heart Transplant Program Daniel P. Judge, MD Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Professor of Medicine Clinical Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Medical University of South Carolina Los Angeles, California Director, Cardiovascular Genetics Chapter 44: Heart Transplantation Charleston, South Carolina Chapter 24: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Genetic Evan P. Kransdorf, MD, PhD Cardiomyopathy Assistant Professor of Medicine Smidt Heart Institute Andrew M. Kahn, MD, PhD Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Professor of Medicine Los Angeles California Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Chapter 44: Heart Transplantation University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California Eric V. Krieger, MD Chapter 31: Clinical Evaluation of Heart Failure Adult Congenital Heart Service University of Washington Medical Center and Seattle Andreas P. Kalogeropoulos, MD, MPH, PhD Children’s Hospital Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology Division of Cardiology Stony Brook University School of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Stony Brook, New York Seattle, Washington Chapter 18: Epidemiology of Heart Failure Chapter 27: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Congenital Heart Disease x CONTRIBUTORS Nicholas T. Lam, PhD Ali J. Marian, MD Postdoctoral Researcher Professor of Molecular Medicine (Genetics) and Internal Department of Internal Medicine Medicine (Cardiology) Division of Cardiology Director, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center James T. Willerson, MD, Distinguished Chair in Dallas, Texas Cardiovascular Research Chapter 3: Cellular Basis for Myocardial Regeneration Institute of Molecular Medicine and Repair University of Texas Health Sciences Center Houston, Texas Daniel J. Lenihan, MD Chapter 23: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Hypertrophic Professor of Medicine Cardiomyopathy Director, Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence Cardiovascular Division Daniel D. Matlock, MD, MPH Washington University School of Medicine Associate Professor St. Louis, Missouri Division of Geriatrics Chapter 46: Cardio-Oncology and Heart Failure Department of Medicine University of Colorado Gregory Y.H. Lip, MD, FRCP, FACC, FESC Anschutz Medical Center Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine Aurora, Colorado Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science Chapter 50: Decision Making and Palliative Care in Advanced University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Heart Failure Hospital Liverpool, United Kingdom Mathew S. Maurer, MD Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit Arnold and Arlene Goldstein Professor of Cardiology Department of Clinical Medicine Professor of Medicine Aalborg University Division of Cardiology Aalborg, Denmark Columbia University Medical Center Chapter 14: Alterations in the Peripheral Circulation in New York, New York Heart Failure Chapter 22: Cardiac Amyloidosis Chris T. Longenecker, MD Dennis M. McNamara, MD, MS Assistant Professor Director, Center for Heart Failure Research Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute Chapter 28: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Viral and Cleveland, Ohio Nonviral Myocarditis Chapter 30: Heart Failure and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Robert J. Mentz, MD, FAHA, FACC, FHFSA W. Robb MacLellan, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Robert A. Bruce Endowed Chair in Cardiovascular Research Duke University School of Medicine Head, Division of Cardiology Durham, North Carolina University of Washington Chapter 37: Contemporary Medical Therapy for Heart Failure Seattle, Washington Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction Chapter 41: Stem Cell-Based and Gene Therapies in Heart Failure Marco Metra, MD Professor, Division of Cardiology Douglas L. Mann, MD Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Lewin Chair and Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Sciences, and Public Health Physiology University of Brescia Chief, Division of Cardiology Brescia, Italy Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Chapter 36: Acute Heart Failure Cardiologist-in-Chief Barnes-Jewish Hospital Carmelo A. Milano, MD St. Louis, Missouri Professor of Surgery Chapter 7: Role of Innate Immunity in Heart Failure Chief, Section of Adult Cardiac Surgery Chapter 12: Alterations in Ventricular Structure: Role of Left Surgical Director for LVAD Program Ventricular Remodeling and Reverse Remodeling in Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Heart Failure Duke University Medical Center Chapter 19: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Ischemic Durham, North Carolina Heart Disease Chapter 45: Circulatory Assist Devices in Heart Failure CONTRIBUTORS xi Arunima Misra, MD Peter S. Pang, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Houston, Texas Indianapolis, Indiana Chapter 39: Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Chapter 36: Acute Heart Failure Ejection Fraction Lampros Papadimitriou, MD, PhD Joshua D. Mitchell, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Director, Cardio-Oncology Fellowship Stony Brook University School of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine Stony Brook, New York St. Louis, Missouri Chapter 18: Epidemiology of Heart Failure Chapter 46: Cardio-Oncology and Heart Failure Walter J. Paulus, MD, PhD Alan R. Morrison, MD, PhD Cardiologist and Professor of Cardiovascular Physiology Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Physiology Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU Providence VA Medical Center VU University Medical Center Alpert Medical School at Brown University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Providence, Rhode Island Chapter 11: Alterations in Ventricular Function: Chapter 32: Cardiac Imaging in Heart Failure Diastolic Heart Failure Adam Nabeebaccus, PhD, MBChB, BSc Tamar S. Polonsky, MD, MSCI School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences Assistant Professor of Medicine King’s College London Director, Cardiovascular Prevention London, United Kingdom The University of Chicago Medicine Chapter 2: Cellular Basis for Heart Failure Chicago, Illinois Chapter 15: Alterations in Kidney Function Associated Kenta Nakamura, MD with Heart Failure Acting Instructor Department of Medicine J. David Port, PhD Division of Cardiology Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Washington Division of Cardiology Seattle, Washington University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Chapter 41: Stem Cell-Based and Gene Therapies in Aurora, Colorado Heart Failure Chapter 6: Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Heart Failure Jose Nativi-Nicolau, MD Florian Rader, MD, MSc Assistant Professor of Medicine Co-Director, Clinic for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and University of Utah Health Aortopathies Salt Lake City, Utah Assistant Director, Non-invasive Laboratory Chapter 34: Hemodynamics in Heart Failure Hypertension Center of Excellence Critical Cardiac Care Doan T. M. Ngo, BPham, PhD Smidt Heart Institute Associate Professor Cedars-Sinai Medical Center School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy Los Angeles, California University of Newcastle Chapter 25: Heart Failure as a Consequence of Hypertension Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Chapter 8: Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure Loheetha Ragupathi, MD Cardiology Fellow Kelsie E. Oatmen, BS Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals Research Technician Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of South Carolina School of Medicine Chapter 47: Disease Management and Telemedicine in Columbia, South Carolina Heart Failure MD Candidate University of Michigan Medical School Margaret M. Redfield, MD Ann Arbor, Michigan Professor of Medicine Chapter 4: Myocardial Basis for Heart Failure: Role of Cardiac Department of Cardiovascular Diseases Interstitium Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota Chapter 43: Pulmonary Hypertension
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