Hearing: An Introduction to Psychological and Physiological Acoustics, Sixth Edition

419 Pages·2018·64.99 MB·English

by  Stanley A. Gelfand

HEARING
An Introduction to Psychological and
Physiological Acoustics

HEARING
An Introduction to Psychological and
Physiological Acoustics
SIXT H EDI T ION
STANLEY A. GELFAND, PhD
Professor
Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders
Queen’s College of the City University of New York
Flushing, New York
and
PhD Program in Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences and AuD Program
Graduate Center of the City University of New York
New York, New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gelfand, Stanley A., 1948- author.
Title: Hearing : an introduction to psychological and physiological acoustics / Stanley A. Gelfand.
Description: Sixth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017021446 (print) | LCCN 2017022201 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315154718
(eBook General) | ISBN 9781498775434 (eBook PDF) | ISBN 9781351650755 (eBook ePub) |
ISBN 9781351641234 (eBook Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781498775427 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Hearing--physiology | Psychoacoustics
Classification: LCC QP461 (ebook) | LCC QP461 (print) | NLM WV 272 | DDC 612.8/5--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017021446
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To Janice
In Loving Memory

Contents
Preface xiii
1 Physical concepts 1
Physical quantities 1
Decibel notation 6
Harmonic motion and sound 8
Combining waves 15
Complex waves 17
Filters 20
Standing waves 21
Impedance 22
References 24
2 Anatomy 27
Gross anatomy and overview 27
Temporal bone 29
Outer ear 32
Pinna 32
Ear canal 32
Eardrum 33
Middle ear 33
Ossicular chain 35
Intratympanic muscles 36
Inner ear 37
Osseous and membranous labyrinths 37
Inner ear fluids 37
Vestibular organs 39
Cochlea 39
Hair cells 44
Innervation 48
Efferent innervation of the hair cells 50
Central auditory pathways 51
Ascending auditory pathways 52
Cochlear nuclei 52
Superior olivary complex 53
Lateral lemniscus 54
Inferior colliculus 54
Medial geniculate body 54
vii
viii Contents
Cortex 55
Descending auditory pathways 57
Olivocochlear bundle 58
Middle ear muscle reflex 59
References 59
3 Conductive mechanism 69
Outer ear 69
Pinna 69
Ear canal 69
Middle ear 70
Middle ear transformer mechanism 72
Area ratio 72
Curved-membrane mechanism 73
Ossicular lever 74
Middle ear response 76
Bone conduction 77
The acoustic reflex 80
Reflex parameters 81
Middle ear muscle theories 89
References 90
4 Cochlear mechanisms and processes 95
Action of sensory receptors 95
Classical theories of hearing 96
Classical resonance theory 96
Traveling wave theory 97
Classical temporal theories 97
Place-volley theory 98
The traveling wave 98
Hair cell activation 100
Mechanoelectrical transduction 103
Cochlear electrical potentials 104
Resting potentials 105
Receptor potentials 105
Cochlear microphonics 105
Distribution of the cochlear microphonic 108
Summating potentials 111
Cochlear tuning and frequency selectivity 112
Nonlinearity in the cochlea 118
Active processes and the cochlear amplifier 120
Otoacoustic emissions 122
References 127
5 Auditory nerve 137
Frequency coding 138
Tuning curves 138
Firing patterns 139
Responses to clicks 139
Responses to tones and tonal complexes 141
Two-tone suppression 144
Intensity coding 146
Speech coding 150
Contents ix
Whole-nerve action potentials 151
References 154
6 Auditory pathways 159
Responses of the auditory nervous system 159
Binaural and related responses 161
Brainstem 161
Superior olivary complex 161
Inferior colliculus 162
Coding of binaural differences 163
Medial geniculate body 164
Cortex 164
Tonotopic organization 165
Cochlear nuclei 165
Superior olivary complex 167
Lateral lemniscus 167
Inferior colliculus 167
Medial geniculate body 168
Cortex 169
Auditory evoked potentials 170
Frequency-following response 173
Complex auditory brainstem response 173
Auditory steady-state response 174
Effects of cortical ablation 175
Medial olivocochlear reflex 177
References 181
7 Psychoacoustic methods 197
Scales of measurement 197
Measurement methods 198
Classical methods of measurement 198
Method of limits 198
Method of adjustment 201
Method of constant stimuli 201
Forced-choice methods 203
Adaptive procedures 203
Bekesy’s tracking method 203
Simple up-down or staircase method 204
Parameter estimation by sequential testing 205
Block up-down methods 206
Transformed up-down or staircase procedures 207
Modifications, other procedures, and comparisons 209
Direct scaling 209
Ratio estimation and production 210
Magnitude estimation and production 210
Cross-modality matches 211
Category rating scales 211
References 211
8 Signal detection theory 217
Factors affecting responses 217
Psychophysical methods in sdt 222
Yes/no methods 222