Hearing: An Introduction to Psychological and Physiological Acoustics

588 Pages·2004·8.12 MB·English

by  Stanley Gelfand

HEARING
AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS
FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND EXPANDED
HEARING
AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS
FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND EXPANDED
Stanley A.Gelfand, Ph.D.
Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders
Queens College of the City University of New York
Flushing, New York
Ph.D. Program in Speech and Hearing Sciences
Graduate School of the City University of New York
New York, New York

MARCEL DEKKER
NEW YORK
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To Janice In loving memory

Preface

This is the fourth edition of a textbook intended to introduce the beginning graduate
student to the sciences of hearing, as well as to rekindle the interests of the experienced
reader. Students of hearing science are often faced with the frustrating dilemma imposed
by textbooks that are either too basic or too advanced. This problem is complicated by the
widely divergent backgrounds of those who become interested in hearing. The idea is to
provide a volume sufficiently detailed to be useful as a core text, yet not so dependent
upon prior knowledge that it would be beyond the grasp of most students.
It is doubtful that all of the material covered in this text would be addressed in a
single, one semester course. It is more likely that this book might be used as a core text
for a two-course sequence dealing with psychological and physiological acoustics, along
with appropriately selected readings from the research literature and state-of-the-art
books. Suggested readings are provided in context throughout the text to provide a firm
foundation for further study.
As a fourth edition, this book has been influenced considerably by the comments and
suggestions provided by colleagues and graduate students for whom it is principally
intended. As a result of their input, the basic approach, structure, format, and the general
(and often irregular) depth of coverage used in the earlier editions have been maintained
wherever possible; many new and revised figures have been included; and the practices
of providing references at the end of each chapter and liberally referring the reader to
other sources for further study have been retained.
Hearing science is an exciting area of study because of its broad, interdisciplinary
scope, and even more because it is vital and dynamic. Research continuously provides
new information to expand on the old and also causes us to rethink what was once well
established. The reader (particularly the beginning student) is reminded that new findings
occasionally disprove the “laws” of the past. Thus, this textbook should be treated as a
first step; it is by no means the final word.
With these ideas in mind, the principal goals of this edition were to present new topics
and update the existing text and references to reflect developments in the field. However,
some of the hardest decisions involved choosing material that could be streamlined,
replaced or omitted without loosing the orientation and flavor of the book. This was done
while being ever mindful that this text is meant for students with broadly different
backgrounds and interests, and is by no stretch of the imagination intended to be a “state-
of-the-art” treatise.
My sincerest thanks are expressed to the numerous colleagues and students who
provided me with valuable suggestions that have been incorporated into this edition. I am
especially indebted to my current and former colleagues and students in the Department
of Linguistics and Communication Disorders at Queens College and the Ph.D. Program
in Speech and Hearing Sciences at the City University of New York. Thank you all for
being continuous examples of excellence and for your valued friendships. I am also
grateful to the dedicated and talented staff of Marcel Dekker, Inc., who contributed so
much to this book, and graciously arranged for the preparation of the indices and the
proofreading of the final page proofs.
At the risk of inadvertently omitting several, I would like to thank the following
people for their influence and support which have taken forms too numerous to mention:
Sandra Beberman, Moe Bergman, Dana Bigelow, Arthur Boothroyd, Helen Cairns,
Joseph Danto, Lillian and Sol Gelfand, Irving Hochberg, Gertrude and Oscar Katzen,
John Lutolf, Tara McCartney, Neil Piper, Teresa Schwander, Stanley Schwartz, Shlomo
Silman, Carol Silverman, Harris, Helen and Gabe Topel, and Mark Weiss. Very special
gratitude is expressed to Harry Levitt, who will always be my professor, and to Maurice
H.Miller, who suggested that I prepare the first edition of this book. They have always
been and continue to be cherished sources of advice, inspiration and confidence.
Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to Janice, the love of my life, whose memory will
always be a blessing and inspiration; and to my children, Michael, Joshua, and Jessica,
for their love, support, confidence, and unparalleled patience.
Stanley A.Gelfand
Contents

Preface v

1 PHYSICAL CONCEPTS 1
2 ANATOMY 41
3 CONDUCTIVE MECHANISM 97
4 COCHLEAR MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES 137
5 AUDITORY NERVE 205
6 AUDITORY PATHWAYS 240
7 PSYCHOACOUSTIC METHODS 277
8 THEORY OF SIGNAL DETECTION 303
9 AUDITORY SENSITIVITY 316
10 MASKING 354
11 LOUDNESS 393
12 PITCH 412
13 BINAURAL AND SPATIAL HEARING 438
14 SPEECH PERCEPTION 487

Author Index 526
Subject Index 557