Table Of Content

Health, Wellbeing and Community Recovery in Fukushima This book examines the issue of disaster recovery in relation to community wellbeing and resilience, exploring the social, political, demographic and environmental changes in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima disaster. The contributors reflect on the Fukushima disaster of earthquake, tsunami and radiation contamination and its impacts on society from an interdisci- plinary perspective of the social sciences, critical public health and the humanities. It focuses on four aspects, which form the sections of the work: • Reflections from the Field • Living with Risk • Social Difference and Inequality • Community Engagement and Wellbeing The last three sections present research on the long-term consequences of the disaster on community health and wellbeing. These findings are enhanced and developed in the ‘Notes from the Field’ section, in which local practitio- ners from medicine and community recovery reflect on their experiences in relation to concepts developed in the previous sections. This work significantly extends the literature on long-term wellbeing following disaster. The case study of Fukushima is a multifaceted process that illuminates wider issues around post-disaster regeneration in Fukushima. This problem takes on new importance in the context of COVID-19, including direct parallels in the issues of risk measurement, social inequality and wider wellbeing impacts from which public health disciplines can draw. Sudeepa Abeysinghe is a health sociologist who works at the intersection of sociology, science and technology studies, and critical policy studies. Claire Leppold is researches health and wellbeing in the aftermath of com- pound disasters, with a focus on the social determinants of health and health inequalities. Akihiko Ozaki is a surgical oncologist and public health practitioner based in Fukushima, Japan. Alison Lloyd Williams researches children’s citizenship and participation in the context of disasters and disaster risk management. Routledge Studies in Hazards, Disaster Risk and Climate Change Series Editor: Ilan Kelman, Professor of Disasters and Health at the Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction (IRDR) and the Institute for Global Health (IGH), University College London (UCL) This series provides a forum for original and vibrant research. It offers con- tributions from each of these communities as well as innovative titles that examine the links between hazards, disasters and climate change, to bring these schools of thought closer together. This series promotes interdisciplin- ary scholarly work that is empirically and theoretically informed, with titles reflecting the wealth of research being undertaken in these diverse and excit- ing fields. Disasters and Life in Anticipation of Slow Calamity Perspectives from the Colombian Andes Reidar Staupe-Delgado The Invention of Disaster Power and Knowledge in Discourses on Hazard and Vulnerability JC Gaillard Earthquakes and Volcanic Activity on Islands History and Contemporary Perspectives from the Azores David Chester, Angus Duncan, Rui Coutinho and Nicolau Wallenstein Why Vulnerability Still Matters The Politics of Disaster Risk Creation Edited by Greg Bankoff and Dorothea Hilhorst Health, Wellbeing and Community Recovery in Fukushima Edited by Sudeepa Abeysinghe, Claire Leppold, Akihiko Ozaki and Alison Lloyd Williams For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge. com/Routledge-Studies-in-Hazards-Disaster-Risk-and-Climate-Change/ book-series/HDC Health, Wellbeing and Community Recovery in Fukushima Edited by Sudeepa Abeysinghe, Claire Leppold, Akihiko Ozaki and Alison Lloyd Williams First published 2022 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Sudeepa Abeysinghe, Claire Leppold, Akihiko Ozaki and Alison Lloyd Williams; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Sudeepa Abeysinghe, Claire Leppold, Akihiko Ozaki and Alison Lloyd Williams to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Abeysinghe, Sudeepa, 1985- editor. | Leppold, Claire, editor. | Ozaki, Akihiko, editor. | Williams, Alison Lloyd, editor. Title: Health, wellbeing and community recovery in Fukushima / edited by Sudeepa Abeysinghe, Claire Leppold, Akihiko Ozaki and Alison Lloyd Williams. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. | Series: Routledge studies in hazards, disaster risk and climate change | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021059898 (print) | LCCN 2021059899 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032022734 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032022765 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003182665 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Disaster relief--Japan. | Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011. | Climatic changes--Japan. | Well-being--Japan. Classification: LCC HV555.J3 H43 2022 (print) | LCC HV555.J3 (ebook) | DDC 363.34/80952117--dc23/eng/20220127 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021059898 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021059899 ISBN: 978-1-032-02273-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-02276-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-18266-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003182665 Typeset in Times New Roman by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements viii Editors x List of Contributors xi 1 The Reconstruction of Community and Wellbeing in Fukushima – Situating the Case within the Field 1 SUDEEPA ABEYSINGHE, AKIHIKO OZAKI, CLAIRE LEPPOLD AND ALISON LLOYD WILLIAMS PART I Reflections from the Field 17 2 Reflections from Frontline Healthcare Workers 19 KATSUKA ONODA AND RIKA SATO 3 Psychiatric Care after the Nuclear Disaster in Fukushima 25 ARINOBU HORI 4 Fukushima Hamadōri (Coastal Area) High School Academy: Learning and Understanding about Nuclear Disaster with Fukushima High School Students 29 YASUHIRO TAKAMURA 5 The Increased Disaster-Related Deaths after the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster and the System for Their Compensation 34 SHIGETA MIMURA PART II Living with Risk 41 6 Getting the Measure of Radiation Monitoring in Fukushima, Ten Years On 43 LOUISE ELSTOW vi Contents 7 Prioritising Health Risks after the 3.11 Disaster: The Application of Wellbeing Indicators 60 MICHIO MURAKAMI 8 Commensurability and Post-Disaster Mental Health after 3.11 75 BEN EPSTEIN PART III Social Difference and Inequality 97 9 Japan’s Gender Perspective after the Explosions at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant 99 SUNHEE LEE 10 Social Vulnerability and Inequality in Disasters: Marriage-Migrant Women’s Experiences in the Tōhoku Region 114 SUNHEE LEE AND SHINYA UEKUSA 11 The Social Amplification of Stigma in the Media after the Fukushima Disaster 135 MIKIHITO TANAKA PART IV Community Engagement and Wellbeing 153 12 Theatres of Resilience: Schoolchildren as Actors in Community Development in Fukushima 155 ALISON LLOYD WILLIAMS AND AYA GOTO 13 Bonding after Fukushima: The Role of Trust Relationships between Non-Profit Organisation Volunteers and Disaster Victims in Building Resilience amidst a Nuclear Catastrophe 171 GIULIA DE TOGNI 14 Fukushima’s Reconstruction after the Nuclear Accident and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (1F) Decommissioning Policy 189 SHUNJI MATSUOKA 15 The Long-term Impact of Disasters and Looking Forward 205 CLAIRE LEPPOLD, ALISON LLOYD WILLIAMS, AKIHIKO OZAKI AND SUDEEPA ABEYSINGHE Index 211 Illustrations Figures 1.1 Map of Fukushima Prefecture with Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant marked ‘X’ 2 1.2 Map of the Tōhoku Region 5 7.1 Risk comparison between psychological distress and radiation exposure using happy life expectancy (Murakami et al., 2018). S1: linear regression scenario. S2: exponential regression scenario. 67 10.1 Number of international marriages in Tōhoku from 1998–2019 117 11.1 The advent pattern of the maps related to the Fukushima disaster in each newspaper 138 11.2 Trajectories of the ‘Contamination Map’ 139 Tables 7.1 Forms of wellbeing and corresponding questionnaire items (Murakami et al., 2020) 64 10.1 Migrant women’s community groups (emergent and pre- existing) in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima (as of December 2017) 128 14.1 Formation Process of 1F Decommissioning Policy & Decommissioning Systems 191 14.2 Principles of the Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap (2019) 192 14.3 Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap (2019) Milestones 194 14.4 Changes in Milestones in Revisions of the Mid-and-Long- Term Roadmap 196 14.5 Options for Handling Tritiated Water and Technical Assessment 198 Acknowledgements This edited collection would not have been possible without the collaboration and support from many people and organisations. The editors would like to thank the authors who contributed to each chapter, as well as their collaborators and research participants in Fukushima. We are especially grateful to the professional authors (Katsuka Onoda, Rika Sato, Arinobu Hori, Yasuhiro Takamura and Shigeta Mimura) who made the time to contribute to this book in the midst of their busy nursing, medical, teaching and legal careers. The editors are also grateful for the support and insights of colleagues who have helped with particular chapters, concepts or topics. These include Maggie Mort, Emily Adrion, Sarah Hill, Kevin White, Sean Cowlishaw, Masaharu Tsubokura and other colleagues who have been so generous with their time and expertise. The editors would also like to thank Jessica Nakaya, who translated Japanese chapters into English, and Masatsugu Tanaki for assisting with the graphic design of the maps in Chapter 1. We also extend our gratitude to Akihiro Yoshikawa for helping us better understand the technical process by which the nuclear disaster occurred, as described in Chapter 1. This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (grant number ES/S013903/1). This funding, for the network ‘Health, Risk, Disaster (HeaRD): Social Science and Post-Disaster Community Reconstruction’, allowed the authors in this collection to come together through key meetings which led to the creation of this book. We are grateful to the staff at Fukushima Medical University who facilitated the first HeaRD conference in April 2019 and the Edinburgh University Research Office staff who assisted with the subsequent HeaRD meeting held in Edinburgh in July 2019. The publication of this book was also supported by the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation for a grant (5914) which covered translation of chapters from Japanese to English. The authors of each chapter also extend gratitude to funders who facilitated their work presented in this book. For Chapter 6, Elstow’s work was assisted by an ESRC stipend as part of the NW Doctoral Training Centre and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Summer Program 2018 (ID SP18107). For Chapter 7, Murakami’s work was partially funded by a JSPS KAKENHI grant (number JP20H04354). For Chapter 10, Acknowledgements ix Lee and Uekusa’s research was partially supported by funding from JSPS KAKENHI grants (JP15K01908, JP18K01185). For Chapter 11, Tanaka thanks Tak Yuasa and Yining Fang for their assistance in data collection. For Chapter 12, Lloyd Williams’s and Goto’s work was supported in part by a JSPS International Postdoctoral Fellowship in Japan FY2016 (Principal investigator: ALW), the Program of the Network-type Joint Usage/Research Center for Radiation Disaster Medical Science FY2018 and FY2019 (Principal investigators: AG and ALW) and the Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research [B]) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 19KK0060) (Principal investigator: AG). Lloyd Williams and Goto also thank all members of the research support team in Fukushima, especially Mrs Satsuki Katsumi and Mr Shigeru Nakano. For Chapter 13, De Togni’s work was supported by the AHRC scheme London Arts and Humanities Partnership, and De Togni additionally thanks all Japanese collaborators and members of the Japanese judiciary system who shared legal insights. Thank you to everyone who made this book possible. We hope that this edited collection will be a useful documentation of the ten years following the 3.11 disaster, and we look forward to seeing what the next ten years will hold for Fukushima.