Health Services Research Methods PDF
Preview Health Services Research Methods
Health Services Research Methods Second Edition Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Health Services Research Methods Second Edition Leiyu Shi, Dr.PH., MBA, MPA Professor, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, Maryland Australia Brazil Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Health Services Research Methods, Second Edition by Leiyu Shi, Dr.PH., MBA, MPA Vice President, Editorial Assistant: Production Director: Health Care Business Unit: Meaghan O’Brien Carolyn Miller William Brottmiller Marketing Director: Senior Art Director: Director of Learning Solutions: Jennifer McAvey Jack Pendleton Matthew Kane Marketing Manager: Content Project Manager: Acquisitions Editor: Michele McTighe Brooke Baker Kalen Conerly Marketing Coordinator: Product Manager: Chelsey Iaquinta Natalie Pashoukos COPYRIGHT © 2008 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Delmar Learning. All rights reserved. work covered by the copyright hereon may Publication Data be reproduced or used in any form or by Shi, Leiyu. Printed in the United States of America. any means—graphic, electronic, or me- Health services research methods / Leiyu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 XXX 09 08 07 chanical, including photocopying, record- Shi. — 2nd ed. ing, taping, Web distribution or information p. ; cm. For more information, contact Delmar storage and retrieval systems—without the Includes bibliographical references and Learning, 5 Maxwell Drive, Clifton Park, NY written permission of the publisher. index. 12065 For permission to use material from this ISBN-13: 978-1-4283-5229-2 Or fi nd us on the World Wide Web at http:// text or product, contact us by ISBN-10: 1-4283-5229-5 www.delmarlearning.com Tel (800) 730-2214 1. Medical care—Research—Methodol- Fax (800) 730-2215 ogy. 2. Public health—Research—Meth- www.thomsonrights.com odology. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Health Services Research— methods. 2. Data Collection—methods. 3. Research Design. 4. Statistics— methods. W 84.3 S555h 2008] RA425.S515 2008 362.1072—dc22 2007040628 Notice to the Reader Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. 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CONTENTS PREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 Scientifi c Foundations of Health Services Research 1 Key Terms 1 Learning Objectives 2 The Nature of Scientifi c Inquiry 2 The Process of Theory Construction 10 Health Services Research 21 The Process of Health Services Research 34 Summary 40 Review Questions 40 References 41 CHAPTER 2 Conceptualizing Health Services Research 44 Key Terms 44 Learning Objectives 44 The Conceptualization Stage 45 The Field of Health Services 56 Summary 69 Review Questions 70 References 70 CHAPTER 3 Groundwork in Health Services Research 74 Key Terms 74 Learning Objectives 74 Data Sources 75 Funding Sources 86 v Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. v vii Contents The Research Proposal 88 Organizational and Administrative Issues 103 Summary 105 Review Questions 105 References 105 CHAPTER 4 Research Review 106 Key Terms 106 Learning Objectives 106 Defi nition 107 Process 108 Strengths and Weaknesses 125 Summary 126 Review Questions 126 References 127 CHAPTER 5 Secondary Analysis 129 Key Terms 129 Learning Objectives 129 Defi nition 130 Types 130 Strengths and Weaknesses 138 Summary 140 Review Questions 141 References 141 CHAPTER 6 Qualitative Research 142 Key Terms 142 Learning Objectives 142 Purpose 143 Defi nition 144 Types 147 Process 151 Strengths and Weaknesses 160 Summary 161 Review Questions 162 References 162 CHAPTER 7 Experimental Research 164 Key Terms 164 Learning Objectives 164 Purpose 165 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contents vii Defi nition 165 Types 170 Validity Threats 173 Designs and Threats to Validity 176 Strengths and Weaknesses 185 Summary 186 Review Questions 187 References 187 CHAPTER 8 Survey Research 189 Key Terms 189 Learning Objectives 189 Purpose 189 Defi nition 190 Process 194 Strengths and Weaknesses 206 Summary 208 Review Questions 208 References 208 CHAPTER 9 Evaluation Research 210 Key Terms 210 Learning Objectives 210 Purpose 211 Defi nition 212 Types 213 Process 221 Strengths and Weaknesses 241 Summary 242 Review Questions 242 References 243 CHAPTER 10 Design in Health Services Research 247 Key Terms 247 Learning Objectives 247 Purpose 247 Considerations in Designing a Study 248 Characteristics of Research Methods 252 Choosing Appropriate Research Methods 260 Summary 263 Review Questions 264 References 264 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. v viiiiii Contents CHAPTER 11 Sampling in Health Services Research 265 Key Terms 265 Learning Objectives 265 Defi nition 266 Probability Sampling 270 Nonprobability Sampling 278 Sample Size Determination 279 Summary 286 Review Questions 286 References 287 CHAPTER 12 Measurements in Health Services Research 288 Key Terms 288 Learning Objectives 288 Defi nition 289 Levels of Measurement 292 Measurement Errors 294 Validity and Reliability of Measurement 295 Research Instrument Design 300 Summary 321 Review Questions 321 References 321 CHAPTER 13 Data Collection and Processing in Health Services Research 323 Key Terms 323 Learning Objectives 323 Defi nition 324 Comparisons 327 Improving Response Rates 338 Questionnaire Coding 343 Data Entry 350 Summary 352 Review Questions 353 References 353 CHAPTER 14 Statistical Analysis in Health Services Research 355 Key Terms 355 Learning Objectives 355 Data Exploration 357 Univariate Analysis 358 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contents ix Multivariate Analysis 375 Summary 388 Review Questions 388 References 389 CHAPTER 15 Applying Health Services Research 391 Learning Objectives 391 Communicating Health Services Research 392 Publishing Health Services Research 395 Implementing Health Services Research 400 Training Health Services Researchers 404 Summary 410 Review Questions 410 Capstone Assignment 411 References 411 APPENDIX 1 Health Services Research: Selected Journals 413 APPENDIX 2 Selected Health Services—Related Professional Associations 417 APPENDIX 3 Funding Sources 418 APPENDIX 4 Public Health Service Grant Application Forms 420 APPENDIX 5 Table of Random Numbers 442 GLOSSARY 443 INDEX 465 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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