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Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Health PDF

452 Pages·2013·202.267 MB·English
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Preview Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Health

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Health Second Edition DEBORAH FISH RAGIN MySearchLab" | CO NTENTS Preface xiii About the Author xviii 1 An Interdisciplinary View of Health 1 Chapter Outline 1 Chapter Objectives 1 Opening Story: How Would You Describe Winston's Health? 2 Section I. A Brief History of Health 4 Health Practices in Early Civilizations 4 Health Practices in the United States 10 Summary 10 Section II. Defining Health Today 10 Early Holistic Concepts 10 Models of Health and Well-Being 11 Section III. Current Views on Determinants of Health: A Health Psychology Perspective 16 Individual/Demographic Influences 16 Family/Cultural Influences 17 Physical Environmental Influences on Health 19 Social Environmental Influences on Health 20 Health Systems/Health Policies Influences 20 Summary 21 Personal Postscript 22 Questions to Consider 24 Important Terms 24 2 Research Methods 25 Chapter Outline 25 Chapter Objectives 25 Opening Story: Healthy Volunteer Dies in Asthma Study 26 Section I. Measuring Health 27 Borrowing from Epidemiology 27 Summary 32 iv CONTENTS Section II. Methodology 32 Qualitative Studies 33 Correlational Studies 36 Experimental Studies 37 Intervention Studies 43 Ethical Considerations in Experimental Design 44 Quasi-Experimental Intervention Studies 45 Summary 45 Section III. Research Ethics and Policy 45 Reactions to the Word Research 46 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study 46 The Nuremberg Code of 1947 49 Study of Interpersonal Dynamics (Stanford Prison Experiment) 51 Research without Informed Consent 54 Summary 55 Personal Postscript 55 Questions to Consider 56 Important Terms 56 3 Global Communicable and Chronic Disease 57 Chapter Outline 57 Chapter Objectives 57 Opening Story: Man with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Causes International Health Scare 58 Section I. Global Health Problems 62 Communicable Diseases: Human-to-Human Transmission 62 Recurring Diseases 68 Chronic Diseases 73 Measures of Life Expectancy, Quality of Life, and Chronic illnesses 80 Section II. Global Health Organizations 82 World Health Organization (WHO) 84 The Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 86 Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) 87 Section III. Health Policy 87 National Policy: Global Implications 87 Isolation and Containment for TB and HIV/AIDS 88 CONTENTS V Section IV. The Economic Consequences of Poor Health 89 Who Is Affected? 89 Individual Health and Community Outcomes 89 Summary 90 Personal Postscript 90 Questions to Consider 91 Important Terms 91 4 Theories and Models of Health Behavior Change 92 Chapter Outline 92 Chapter Objectives 92 Opening Story: Eddie's Dilemma 93 Section I. Theories and Models of Health Behavior Change 94 Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) 94 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) 96 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 98 Health Belief Model (HBM) 101 Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) 105 Section II. Social Marketing: A Technique to Promote Behavior Change 109 The Four Ps 110 Blended Models 112 Section III. The Ecological Approach to Health: Factors That Influence Health Behaviors 115 Individual Factors 115 Cultural and Social Networks 119 Physical Environment 120 Health Systems 122 Health Policy 123 Section IV. Challenges to Sustaining Health Behavior Change 124 Short- versus Long-Term Adherence 125 The Appeal of Unhealthy Behaviors 126 Personal Postscript 126 Questions to Consider 127 Important Terms 127 vi CONTENTS 5 Risky Health Behaviors 128 Chapter Outline 128 Chapter Objectives 128 Opening Story: Distracted to Death 129 Section I. Unintentional Injury and Violence 133 Motor Vehicle Accidents 133 Violence 134 Section II. Substance Use and Abuse: Influence of Culture, Age, and Gender 139 Cigarettes 140 Alcohol 145 Illegal and Prescription Drugs 151 Section III. Risky Sexuai Behaviors 155 Defining Risk 155 Early Initiation Behaviors 156 Health-Protecting Behaviors 157 Multiple Sexual Partners 158 Substance Use and Sexual Behavior 158 Teenage Pregnancies 159 Section IV. Eating Disorders 159 Anorexia Nervosa 159 Bulimia 161 Obesity 162 Binge Eating 163 Eating Disorders in Context 163 Summary 164 Personal Postscript 164 Questions to Consider 165 Important Terms 165 6 Emotional Health and Well-Being 166 Chapter Outline 166 Chapter Objectives 166 Opening Story: Angelita 167 Section I. Four Models of Well-Being 169 Biomedical Model 169 Biopsychosocial Model 171 Wellness Model 176 Social Ecological Model 180 Summary 183 Section II. Positive Psychology 184 Defining Positive Psychology 185 Positive versus Negative Psychology? 185 Positive Psychology and Health 186 Critiques of Positive Psychology 187 Section III. Traditional Medicines 189 Contributions of Traditional Medicine 190 Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM) 191 Curanderismo 194 Native American Health Practices 196 Personal Postscript 197 Questions to Consider 198 Important Terms 198 7 Stress and Coping 199 Chapter Outline 199 Chapter Objectives 199 Opening Story; Sarah 200 Section I. Defining Stress 202 Three Theories of Stress 203 Section II. Stress and Illness 213 Chronic Illness and Stress 214 Can Stress Lead to Illness? 215 The Diathesis-Stress (D-S) Model of Disease 215 Personality Type, Stress, and Illness 215 Psychosocial Events and Stress 216 Daily Life Hassles and Stress 221 Catastrophic Events and Stress 223 Section III. Coping with Stress 224 Cognitive Coping 224 Behavioral Coping Strategies 226 High-Risk Behaviors and Stress 232 Stress, Sexual Behaviors, and Substance Abuse 233 Positive Affect and Stress 234 viii CONTENTS Personal Postscript 235 Questions to Consider 237 Important Terms 237 8 HIV and AIDS 238 Chapter Outline 238 Chapter Objectives 238 Opening Story: Ryan White: An Agent of Change 239 Section I. The Science of HIV and AIDS 241 Definition of HIV and AIDS 241 The Human Immune System 242 Summary 246 Section II. HIV Prevalence, Human Transmission, and Human Behavior 247 Origins 247 Human-to-Human Transmission 248 Symptoms of HIV and AIDS 250 Prevalence of HIV and AIDS: The Effects of Human Behavior and Health Policy 251 HIV/AIDS in the United States: Prevalence and Prevention 255 HIV Prevention/Intervention Strategies That Work 261 Global Epicenters and Global "Hot Spots" 262 Section III. Psychosocial Perspectives on New HIV Testing and Treatments 265 Testing for and Preventing HIV 265 Antiretroviral Treatments 268 Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) Prevention 269 HIV and Psychological Stress 270 Section IV. Psychoneuroimmunology 272 Personal Postscript 273 Questions to Consider 274 Important Terms 274 9 Cardiovascular Disease 275 Chapter Outline 275 Chapter Objectives 275 Opening Story: Tim Russert 276 CONTENTS Section 1. The Heart and Its Functions 277 Structure 277 Function 279 Summary 279 Section II. Cardiovascular Disease 280 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 280 Cardiac Arrest 281 Stroke 282 Hypertension 282 Section III. Psychosocial Factors and Cardiovascular Disease 284 Stress 284 Ethnicity 285 Perceived Racism 285 Personality 286 Summary 287 Section IV. Cardiovascular Disease and Health Determinants 287 Individual Determinants 287 Community/Environment 300 Health Systems and Access to Care 301 Personal Postscript 302 Questions to Consider 303 Important Terms 303 10 Chronic Pain Management and Arthritis 304 Chapter Outline 304 Chapter Objectives 304 Opening Story: Juvenile Arthritis 305 Section I. "The Decade of Pain" 305 Defining Pain 307 Pain Perception 308 Individual Difference Factors and Pain 309 Changing Characteristics of Pain 313 Section II. Pain and Arthritis 315 Types of Arthritis 315 Measuring Pain 320 Pain Management versus Pain Elimination 322 Section III. Pharmacological and Psychotherapeutic Management of Pain 323 Medical Therapies for Arthritis 323 Alternative Therapies 325 Psychotherapeutic Treatments 327 Caregivers, Pain Management, and Psychological Distress 332 Personal Postscript 333 Questions to Consider 333 Important Terms 334 Cancer 335 Chapter Outline 335 Chapter Objectives 335 Opening Story: Can Cell Phones Cause Cancer? Consider the Case of Reginald Lewis 336 Section I. Defining Cancer 338 Tumors 339 Categories of Cancer 339 Comparing Global and U.S. Incidences of Cancer 341 Section II. Risk Factors for Cancer 343 Cancer and Gender 343 Genetic Factors 345 Race/Ethnicity and Cancer 347 Environment and Cancer Mortality 349 Health Behaviors and Cancers 351 Section III. Cancer: Treatments and Preventions 355 Preventive Health Behaviors 356 Section IV. Medical and Psychological Treatments 361 The Diagnosis: A Psychological Process 361 Medical Therapies 362 Psychological Comorbidity 363 Psychotherapeutic Approaches 364 Summary 369 Personal Postscript 369 Questions to Consider 370 Important Terms 370 CONTENTS xi 12 Health Care Systems and Health Policy: Effects on Health Outcomes 371 Chapter Outline 371 Chapter Objectives 371 Opening Story: Michelle's Dilemma 372 Section I. Access to the Health Care System 374 Health Care: An Unnecessary Expense? 374 Health Care: An Unaffordable Expense? 375 Section II. Overview of Health Care Systems in the United States 376 In the Beginning 376 Health Plans: Gatekeepers to Health Care 377 Section III. Negotiating the System 391 Consumer Satisfaction 392 Consumer-Provider Communication 394 Trust 396 Section IV. Challenges for Health Care Providers 397 Physicians' Three "Fatal" Communication Errors 397 Physician Miscommunication or Patient Inattentiveness 398 Nonverbal Communication Cues 399 Section V. Health Policy 401 Preventive Care 402 Single-Payer Health Care System 402 Personal Postscript 404 Questions to Consider 405 Important Terms 405 13 The Health Psychologist's Role: Research, Application, and Advocacy 406 Chapter Outline 406 Chapter Objectives 406 Opening Story: John and Ahmed: Aspiring Health Psychologists 407 Section I. Working with Individuals 408 Education 409 Evaluation of Interventions 412 Promoting Individual Self-Advocacy 413

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