Health per Acre Organic Solutions to Hunger

40 Pages·2011·5.44 MB·English

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OrgANic SOluTiONS TO HuNger
Vandana ShiVa*
Since two decades Navdanya promotes biodiverse ecological agriculture that produces
more food and less malnutrition.
Just as the food crisis is a conse- The green revolution and genetic agriculture is chemically intensive
quence of a food system designed engineering have been offered as and capital intensive. The former
for profits, greed and control, we can “intensive” farming, creating a false produces more toxics, the latter
redesign the food system for sustain- impression that they produce more more debt.
ability and food justice. food per acre. However, industrial To produce more food and nu-
And this redesigning is precisely trition, we need to design produc-
what we are doing at Navdanya. Over To produce more tion systems which are biodiversity
twenty years of research and practise intensive and ecologically intensive.
food and nutrition,
led to the finding that biodiverse Biodiversity intensive systems produce
ecological production systems are more food, nutrition and health per
we need to design
the solution to hunger and malnutri- acre than industrial chemical mon-
tion, to the agrarian crisis and farm- production systems ocultures. And by saving on costs
ers suicides, to the erosion of soil, of external inputs, they create more
water and biodiversity, and to the which are biodiversity wealth per acre for farmers. When
climate crisis. measured in terms of contribution to
intensive and
nutrition, health and rural incomes,
*Dr. Vandana Shiva is the Founder and Man- ecologically intensive. industrial systems have very low
aging Trustee of rFSTe/Navdanya productivity.
Women show great interest in viable methods of ecological farming that lead to increased production. Darwan Negi (front left), Navdanya Coordi-
nator with years of experience, during a farmers’ course.
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Not only is the measure of produc- The polycultures of ecological agri- Mixed cropping:
tivity of industrial agriculture partial cultural systems have evolved because More productivity and
because all inputs, including resource more output can be harvested from a nutritional value
and energy inputs, are not taken into given area planted with diverse crops
A myth promoted by the one-
account. it is also partial because not than from an equivalent area consisting
dimensional monoculture paradigm
all outputs are taken into account. of separate patches of monocultures.
is that biodiversity reduces yields
Only the production of monoculture For example, in plantings of sorghum
and productivity, and monocultures
commodities is counted. and pigeon pea mixtures, one hectare
increase yields and productivity. How-
green revolution systems have will produce the same yields as 0.94
ever, since yields and productivity are
high ‘yield’, but low output. And hectares of sorghum monoculture and
theoretically constructed terms, they
it is output that feeds the soil and 0.68 hectares of pigeon pea monocul-
change according to the context.
the people, not the yield of globally ture. Thus one hectare of polyculture
Yield usually refers to production per
traded commodities, which are used produces what 1.62 hectares of mon-
unit area of a single crop. Planting
for biofuel or animal feed. oculture can produce. This is called
only one crop in the entire field as a
ecological agriculture is based on the land equivalent ratio (ler).
monoculture will of course increase
mixed and rotational cropping, and the
its yield. Planting multiple crops in a
production of a diversity of crops. Green Revolution
mixture will have low yields of indi-
Navdanya’s work on biodiverse
systems have high vidual crops, but will have high total
farming has shown that the more
output of food.
biodiversity on the farm, the higher
‘yield’, but low
in the terraced fields of the Hima-
the output (For more information
layas, women peasants grow jhangora
read the study Biodiversity-based output. And it is
(barnyard millet), marsha (amaranth),
Productivity: A New Paradigm for
output that feeds the tur (pigeon pea), urad (black gram),
Food Security, Navdanya, 2009; see
gahat (horse gram), soya bean (glysine
publications page 36). soil and the people.
max), bhat (glysine soya), rayans (rice
bean), swanta (cow pea), koda (finger
Polycultures: No loss of land
increased land-use efficiency and millet) in mixtures and rotations. The
and biodiversity
higher ler has been reported for total output, even in bad years, is six
Perhaps one of the most fallacious polycultures of: millet/groundnut times more than industrially farmed
myths propagated by green revolu- 1.26; maize/bean 1.38; millet/sor- rice monocultures.
tion protagonists is the assertion that ghum 1.53; maize/pigeon pea 1.85; For example, a mixed organic
high yielding varieties HYVs have re- maize/cocoyan/sweet potato 2.08; farm in the Himalaya produces 9000
duced the acreage, therefore preserv- cassava/maize/groundnut 2.51. The kg of maize, radish, mustard greens
ing millions of hectares of biodiversity. monocultures of the green revolu- and peas. A chemically farmed maize
Perpetuating this myth, Dennis Avery, tion thus actually reduced food yields monoculture yields 5000 kg. This
a promoter of chemical farming has per acre previously achieved through is 1000 kg more maize than in the
recently written, “is the green Move- mixtures of diverse crops. This falsifies biodiverse system but 4000 kg less
ment finally ready to face the global the argument often made that chemi- food. in terms of nutrition per acre,
need to triple crop yields and drop cally intensive agriculture and genetic the biodiverse farming system is much
its dedication to land selfish organic engineering will save biodiversity by more productive than the chemical
farming? The planet’s biodiversity is releasing land from food production. in monocultures. it provides 305 (g) of
at stake”. india’s experience tells us fact, since monocultures require more calcium and 29.3 (g) of iron compared
that instead of more land being re- land, biodiversity is destroyed twice to the monoculture.
leased for conservation, by destroying over – once on the farm, and then on Similarly a biodiverse intensive
diversity and multiple uses of land, the the additional acreage required to pro- system with mandua (finger millet),
industrial system actually increases duce the outputs a monoculture has jhangora (barnyard millet), gahat
pressure on the land since each acre displaced. Further, since chemicals kill (horsegram) and bhat (indigenous
of a monoculture provides a single diverse species, chemical agriculture soya) gives 1400 kg of food per acre
output, and the displaced outputs have can hardly be promoted as conserving compared to a chemical rice monocul-
to be grown on additional acres. And biodiversity. ture which yields 1200 kg. in terms
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globally, the chemical intensive land Not only is the productivity mea- of nutrition, the former gives 338 kg 01
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extensive system has had to spread sure distorted by ignoring resource of protein compared to 90 kg in the r
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to the Amazon rainforest. This is not inputs, and only focussing on labour, monoculture. m
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land saving or biodiversity conserving, it is also distorted by looking only at A baranaja (twelve crop) system u
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it is land destroying and biodiversity a single and partial output rather than produces 2680 kg of food per acre A
destroying agriculture. the total output. compared to 2186 of a maize monocul- BIJ
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ture. in terms of protein the produc- The polycultures of Since providing nutrition and
tion is 4214 vs 242 kg, carbohydrate nourishment are the main aims of
ecological agricultural
1622.94 vs 1447.14, fat 131.8 kg vs agriculture/food production, nutrition
78.7 kg, and energy 9359470 kcal vs systems have evolved per acre is a more accurate measure
7476120 kcal. in terms of vitamins, of productivity than yield of a com-
because more output
banana produces 1360.9 mg vs 1967 modity in a monoculture. Also, the
mg beta carotene in case of maize can be harvested from a higher nutrition in biodiverse intensive
monoculture, folic acid 2206.3 mg to farms further intensifies the ecological
given area planted with
437 mg. Minerals are – calcium 5052 processes.
g vs 218 g, iron 143.9 g vs 50.3 g, diverse crops than from The main argument used for the
phosphorus 9505 g vs 7607 g, mag- industrialization of food and corporati-
an equivalent area con-
nesium 3604 g vs 3038 g, potassium zation of agriculture is the low produc-
11186 g vs 6252 g (ref: Study Health sisting of separate patch- tivity of the small farmer. Surely these
Per Acre, New Delhi, 2011, see also families on their little plots of land
es of monocultures.
p. 6 and publications p. 36). are incapable of meeting the world’s
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need for food! industrial agriculture total yields, because everything else the context of diversity. Biodiversity-
claims that it increases yields, hence in the farm system goes to waste. based measures of productivity
creating the image that more food is usually the yield of a single-crop like show that small farmers can feed the
produced per unit acre by industrial wheat or maize is singled out and world. Their multiple yields result in
means than by the traditional practices compared to yields of new varieties. truly high productivity, composed as
of small holders. This calculation is biased to make the they are of the multiple yields of
industrial agriculture productivity is new varieties appear `high-yielding’ diverse species used for diverse
high only in the restricted context of a even when, at the systems level, they purposes. Thus productivity is not
'part of a part’ of the system whether may not be. lower on smaller units of land: on
it is of the forest or of the farm. For Traditional farming systems are the contrary, it is higher. in Brazil,
example, `high-yield’ plantations pick based on mixed and rotational crop- the productivity of a farm of up to
one tree species among thousands, ping systems of cereals, pulses, and 10 hectares was $85 hectare while
for yields of one part of the tree oil seeds with different varieties of the productivity of a 500-hectare farm
(e.g. wood pulp), whereas traditional each crop, while the green revolu- was $2 per hectare. in india, a farm
forestry practices use many parts of tion package is based on genetically of up to 5 acres had a productivity
many forest species. uniform monocultures. No realistic of rs. 735 per acre, while a 35-acre
'High-yield’ green revolution crop- assessments are ever made of the farm had a productivity of rs. 346
ping patterns select one crop among yield of the diverse crop outputs in per acre.
hundreds, such as wheat, for the use the mixed and rotational systems. Diversity produces more than
of just one part, the grain. These high Productivity is quite different, monocultures. But monocultures are
partial yields do not translate into high however, when it is measured in profitable to industry - both for mar-
Terraced fields in Uttarakhand. Navdanya women farmers in Guptkashi, Uttarakhand.
The alternative to industrial agriculture
The higher productivity of diversity-based systems indicates that there is an alternative to genetic engineering and
industrial agriculture – an alternative that is more ecological and more equitable. This alternative is based on the
intensification of biodiversity – intensifying through integrating diverse species – in place of chemical intensification, which
promotes monocultures and, unlike its ecological alternative, fails to take all outputs of all species into account.
As Navdanya’s work on biodiversity based organic farming shows, india could feed twice its population through
biodiversity intensification.
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(p.8), “resource conserving, low-external-input techniques have a proven potential to significantly improve yields”, and me
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“ecological interventions on 12.6 million farms increased crop yields of 79 percent”.
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The uNcTAD-uNeP study in Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa, NY/geneva, united Nations, 2008, found A
(p.16), “that ecological methods increase crop yields by 116 percent for all of Africa and 128 percent in east Africa. BIJ
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Monocultures are these reductionist categories of productivity and food entitlements,
yield and productivity allow a industrial agriculture is deficient as
profitable to industry-
higher measurement of harvestable compared to diversity-based internal
yields of single commodities, they input systems. Protecting small farms
both for markets and
exclude the measurement of the which conserve biodiversity is thus a
political control. ecological destruction that affects food security imperative.
future yields and the destruction of Data shows that, everywhere in
diverse outputs from biodiversity the world, biodiverse small farms
kets and political control. The shift
rich systems. produce more agricultural output
from high productivity diversity to
Productivity in ecological farming per unit area than large farms. even
low productivity monocultures is
practices is high if it is remembered in the uSA, small farms of 27 acres
possible because the resources
that these are based on internal inputs or less have 10 times greater dollar
destroyed are taken from the poor,
and very little external inputs are output per acre than larger farms.
while the higher commodity produc-
required. While the green revolu- it is therefore time to switch from
tion brings benefits to those with
tion has been projected as having measuring monoculture yields to
economic power. The polluter does
increased productivity in the absolute assessing biodiversity outputs in
not pay in industrial agriculture both
sense, when resource utilisation is farming systems.
of the chemical era or the biotech-
taken into account, it has been found At the level of individual peas-
nology era. ironically, while the poor
to be counter productive and resource ant farms and at national level the
go hungry, it is the hunger of the
inefficient. green revolution has led to a decline
poor which is used to justify the
What does all this evidence mean in food security. The same applies
agricultural strategies which deepen
in terms of feeding the world? it be- to the gene revolution. What the
their hunger.
comes clear that industrial agriculture green revolution achieved was an
Diversity has been destroyed in
has actually reduced food security by increase in industrial inputs, which,
agriculture on the assumption that
destroying small farms and the small of course, created growth for the
it is associated with low productivity.
farmers’ capacity to produce these agrichemical and fossil-fuel indus-
This is however, a false assumption
diverse outputs of nutritious crops. try. But this increased consumption
both at the level of individual crops
Both from the point of view of food of toxins and energy by the ag-
as well as at the level of farming
ricultural sector did not translate
systems. Diverse native varieties
Biodiversity-based into more food.
are often as high yielding or higher
Today, most of the one billion
yielding than industrially bred
measures of people who lack adequate access to
varieties.
food are rural communities whose
comparative yields of native and productivity show entitlements have collapsed either
green revolution varieties in farm- due to environmental degradation
ers’ fields have been assessed by that small farmers or due to livelihood destruction
Navdanya. green revolution variet- and negative terms of trade. Food
can feed the world.
ies are not higher yielding under the security is therefore intimately con-
conditions of low capital availability nected to the livelihood security
and fragile ecosystems. Farmers’ vari- of small rural producers. There are
eties are not intrinsically low yielding proven alternatives to industrial ag-
and green revolution varieties or riculture and genetic engineering,
industrial varieties are not intrinsically and these are based on small farms
high yielding. and ecological methods. Sound
The measurement of yields and resource-use combined with social
productivity in the green revolution justice is the path of sustainabil-
as well as in the genetic engineering ity in agriculture that we should be
paradigm is divorced from seeing taking.
how the processes of increasing
Protecting small farms
single species, single function output
1 affect the processes that sustain the
01 which conserve
2 condition for agricultural produc-
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me tion - both by reducing species biodiversity is
m and functional diversity of farming
u
S systems as well as by replacing in- a food security
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imperative.
with hazardous agrichemicals. While
55
HeAlTH Per Acre
MeeTiNg THe NuTriTiONAl cHAlleNge

THrOugH OrgANic FArMiNg
dr. VaibhaV Singh*
india is not shining but starving. every varieties of seasonal vegetables and hospital. contrary to my perception
fourth indian is hungry. every third fruits, nuts, spices, and traditional as medical student – when i thought
women is severely malnourished. ev- food items. We are a nation of 1.21 that renal failure occurs at old age
ery second child is “wasted”. Despite billion individuals. The food we con- - as a resident doctor i notice that
technological advancements, hunger sume, the water we drink and the air most of the renal transplants in my
has been increasing. we breathe form a large part of the hospital are performed on young
every individual requires a diver- external input needed by the human people, some even younger than
sified diet comprising of varieties body. if our food, our water and our twenty years of age. in one of our 1
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of cereals, pulses, milk, five to ten air is polluted, pollution enters our cases we had suggested a probable 20
bodies and minds. cause of renal failure. But despite two er
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*Dr. Vaibhav Singh – Medical Officer, insti- As a member of the transplant renal biopsies that were inconclusive, m
tute of urological Sciences, Max Healthcare, team at the hospital i work at, i we still did not know why our 16 Su
New Delhi - is co-author of the study ‘Health A
Per Acre - Organic Solutions to Hunger and see young people who want to un- year old male patient suffered from BIJ
dergo renal transplant surgery at our a renal failure.
Malnutrition’.
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According to medical literature the aim, this gives peace of mind Working in a corporate hospital
20 % of Americans above the age to the financial institutions at Dalal and looking at the profile of the pa-
of twenty suffer from chronic kid- Street. (ed. Dalal Street in down- tients, i see that the poor indian is
ney disease - an astonishing figure town Mumbai is the address of the suffering from under-nutrition, infec-
of one fifth of the adult American Bombay Stock exchange.) However, tion, accidents, deficiency disorders,
population. problems arise when corporations, cancers, etc., and that the rich is suf-
Being part of the transplant team sensitive to the slightest move- fering from cardiovascular diseases
i have questions: Are we sure of ment in the financial markets, try to (cVDs), diabetes, cancers, obesity,
the food we consume, the water we market their insurance and their se- chronic degenerative disorders, etc.
drink, and the air we breathe? The curity as the only means to combat Both these trends are somehow
kidneys are excretory organs - they hunger and malnutrition - and as related to farming practices and
excrete toxic substances from the the only method through which the to the ill effects of industrial farming.
body by forming urine. When one world can improve the health of its The processed food industry - hav-
thinks about the source of toxics inhabitants. Security at the trade desk ing a mutually beneficial relationship
that damage kidneys up to the point felt at the cost of 250 million hungry with conventional agriculture - adds
of failure, one realizes that there are and undernourished indians is not new cases of diabetes, cVDs, and
four sources: food, water, air, and accidental; it is rather an attempt to cancers to the already crowded
one’s own body. i cannot think of rob one fifth of indians of good health wards of the city hospitals. Mc Don-
a fifth one. But i think it is possible and of their future. it is sad that our ald’s way of farming would be to grow
that the food, the water, and the air government - blinded by the ‘shine’ all its potatoes on one farm - potatoes
that are supplying toxic substances to of india, deaf towards the suicides with a fixed texture, colour, size, shape,
our bodies are slowly and constantly of our farmers, surrounded by scan- and taste – and to increase corporate
damaging them - thus leading to dals and scams – favours corporate profits by increasing mechanization
‘deficient’ individuals and, ultimately, security. And this ‘security’ means and decreasing demand for human
a crippled nation. hunger and malnutrition for a large labour. This kind of ‘promise’ to resolve
if ‘yield per acre’ is chosen as a part of the indian population - the the food crisis is one of the reasons for
benchmark to measure the output poor, among them many women and the suicide of 2,50,000 poor indian
per acre of certain food commodi- the children, dalits, tribals, and all the farmers in a decade, and it has left 250
ties, and if maximizing this output is down trodden. million indians undernourished.
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Dr. Vaibhav Singh (left) during the seminar ‘Health per Acre’ in New Delhi.
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There are several problems in conventional monocropping, and that if an acre of farmland is used for
using “yield per acre” as a benchmark the overall profitability in mixed crop- organic mixed cropping instead of
of efficiency. Yield per acre measures ping is higher than in mono-cropping. conventional mono- cropping, 2174
only one crop grown in monoculture in the following (see next page) an mg more carotene could be pro-
and ignores the nutrition lost by example highlighting the difference duced - enough to fulfil the vitamin
displacing biodiversity. The green between organic and conventional A requirement of approximately 900
revolution led to the increase of rice farming. (complete data available in adults for a day. On a national scale,
and wheat with chemical and capital ‘Health per Acre – Organic solutions to we could produce 982670 metric
intensive farming but it displaced hunger and malnutrition’, Navdanya/ tons of carotene. in other words,
pulses, oil seeds, millets, vegetable rFSTe, 2011). we would produce 164106 metric
and fruits. tons more of retinol equivalent
More nutrition - more nutrients
We did a retrospective analysis, (re / 1 unit of B-carotene= 0.167 unit
and assessed the nutrition produced The table ‘Average Production’ shows of re). 164106 metric tons of re is
per acre of farm land through organic that if we do mixed cropping we sufficient to satisfy the daily Vitamin
and conventional agriculture. We produce 124 kg more protein than A requirement of 750 million adults
obtained 12 case studies with data on in mono-cropping. 124 kg is enough for 1 year. 164106 metric tons of
yield with the two farming practices to fulfil the protein requirement of re is sufficient to completely treat
which Navdanya collected in Sikkim, 2000 adults per day. The total cul- and reverse 1.3 billion early cases of
rajasthan, Kerala, and uttaranchal. We tivable land in india is 452202848 Xerophthalmia. if we use the sample
used data on nutrition in each food acres. if it would be used for mixed average amount of carotene produced
type by referring to ‘Nutritive value of organic cropping instead of mono- per acre farmland by organic mixed
indian foods’ published by the National cropping, india could produce cropping to calculate the total amount
institute of Nutrition, icMr, Hydera- 56073153 metric tons more protein of carotene produced nationally, we
bad. and fulfil the protein requirement of can produce enough carotene to fulfil
We worked with the data of the 12 an additional 2.5billion adults for an the daily Vitamin A requirement of 1.5
studies to assess the nutritive value entire year. if india adapts organic billion adults for one year.
per acre of farmland. These show mixed cropping, we can eradicate When an acre of farmland is
that organic mixed cropping produces the protein energy malnutrition from used for organic mixed cropping in
more nutrition per acre farmland than the planet. place of conventional mono-cropping
Release of the study ‘Health per Acre’. From left: Dr. Mira Shiva, MD, Initiative for Health Equity & Society; Dr. Sarla Gopalan, Former Secretary
of Department of Women and Child Development; Dr. Sayeda Hameed, Member Planning Commission of India; Dr. Vandana Shiva, Founder
Navdanya/RFSTE, and Author ‘Health per Acre’.
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