Health Issues PDF
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Health Issues This Page Intentionally Left Blank MAGILL’S C H O I C E Health Issues Volume 1 Abortion – Hypertension edited by The Editors of Salem Press project editor Tracy Irons-Georges SALEM PRESS, INC. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Copyright©2001,bySalem Press,Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproducedinanymannerwhatsoeverortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner exceptinthecaseofbriefquotationsembodiedincriticalarticlesandreviews.For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California91115. TheessaysinMagill’sChoice:HealthIssueswereadaptedfromWomen’sIssues(1997), Encyclopedia of Family Life (1998), Children’s Health (1999), Encyclopedia of Environ- mentalIssues(1999),Aging(2000),Magill’sChoice:PsychologyandMentalHealth(2000), andMagill’sMedicalGuide,SecondRevisedEdition(2002).Allbibliographieshavebeen updated,andformats havebeenchanged. ¥ ThepaperusedinthesevolumesconformstotheAmericanNationalStandard forPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,Z39.48-1992(R1997). LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Healthissues/editedbytheeditorsofSalemPress;projecteditor,TracyIrons-Georges p. cm.— (Magill’schoice) Includes bibliographicalreferences andindex. ISBN0-89356-042-1(set).—ISBN0-89356-048-0(v.1).—ISBN0-89356-049-9(v.2) 1. Public health. 2. Social medicine. I. Irons-Georges, Tracy. II. Salem Press. III.Series RA425.H392001 362.1—dc21 200102087 First Printing printedintheunitedstatesofamerica Table of Contents Publisher’sNote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix ContributorList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Abortionamong teenagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Acupuncture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 AIDS and children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 AIDS and women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Alcoholism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Alcoholismamong teenagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Alcoholismamong theelderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Allergies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Alternativemedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Alzheimer’sdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Anorexianervosa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Antibioticresistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Arteriosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Asbestos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Attention-deficitdisorder(ADD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Autism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Biofeedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Birth controlandfamilyplanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Birth defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Breastcancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Breast-feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Breastsurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Broken bones intheelderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Burns and scalds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 v Health Issues Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Canes andwalkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Cardiac rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Carpal tunnelsyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Cervical,ovarian,and uterinecancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Child abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Childbirth complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Childhoodinfectiousdiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Children’shealth issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Choking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Cholesterol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Chronicfatiguesyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Circumcisionofboys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Circumcisionofgirls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Cleftlipandpalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Colic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Colon cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Condoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Cosmeticsurgeryandaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Cosmeticsurgeryandwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Death and dying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Dentalproblemsinchildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Dentalproblemsintheelderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Depression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Depression inchildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Depression intheelderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Diabetesmellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Domesticviolence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Downsyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Drowning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Drug abuse byteenagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Dyslexia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Eatingdisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Elderabuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Electricalshock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 vi TableofContents Emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Endometriosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Environmentaldiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Euthanasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Exerciseandchildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Exerciseandtheelderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Factitious disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Failuretothrive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Fallsamong children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Fallsamong theelderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Fetalalcohol syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Fetaltissuetransplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Firstaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Fluoridationofwatersources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Fluoridetreatmentsin dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Food irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Food poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Footdisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Frostbite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Gene therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Geneticcounseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Geneticdiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Geneticengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Geneticallyengineered foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Hairlossandbaldness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Hazardous waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Headaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Healthinsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Hearingaids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Hearingloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Heartattacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Heartdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Heartdiseaseandwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Heatexhaustionandheatstroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Herpes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 vii Health Issues Hippocraticoath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 HMOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Holisticmedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Homeopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Hormone replacementtherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Hospice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Hospitalization oftheelderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 viii Publisher’s Note The maintenance of health has always been a crucial concern both for individuals and for societies. Health Issues focuses on important topicsinpublichealth such asepidemic,occupational,andenviron- mentaldiseases,aswellasonsuchsocialissuesasethicaldebatesand thefinancialand sociologicalimpactofparticulardiseases. This set offers 251 articles adapted from other Salem Press prod- ucts: Women’s Issues (1997), the Encyclopedia of Family Life (1998), Children’s Health (1999),the Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (1999), Aging(2000),Magill’sChoice:PsychologyandMentalHealth(2000),and Magill’s Medical Guide, Second Revised Edition (2002). All essays have beenupdatedwiththelatestinformationandbibliographicalsources. Examinedherearepreventive measures such asexercise,vitamin supplements,andprenatalcare.Themyriadramificationsofdiseases such as AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer are discussed, as well as traditional and alternative treatments, including gene therapy, biofeedback, and acupuncture. Emerging, or reemerging, public health threats receiving coverage include sick building syndrome, tuberculosis, and Lyme disease. Social trends that put health at risk areaddressed, such aseatingdisorders, steroidabuse,smoking,and domestic violence. Some medical or industry practices that have aroused controversy are considered, such as circumcision, hysterec- tomy,cosmeticsurgery,pesticideuse,andthegeneticengineeringof foods. Issues pertaining to vulnerable groups—children, teenagers, and theelderly—arehighlighted. Eacharticlebeginswithinformationabouttypeofhealthissueand a brief definition of the topic. The text of the essay follows, divided into helpful subheadings that guide the reader through the discus- sion. An author byline,a bibliography,andcross-references toother entries in the encyclopedia conclude every entry. At the back of volume 2 can be found a full Alphabetical List of Entries and a Category List by type of issue: children’s health, economic issues, elder health, environmental health, epidemics, ethics, industrial ix
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