Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution: How safe is the air we breathe? PDF
Preview Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution: How safe is the air we breathe?
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION HEALTH EFFECTS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION How safe is the air we breathe? Jane Q. Koenig University of Washington. U.S.A . .... " Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data a. Koenig, Jane Health effects of ambient air pollution : how safe is the air we breathe? / Jane Q. Koenig p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7063-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-4569-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4569-9 1. Air--Pollution--Health aspects. 2. Asthma--Environmental aspects. 1. Title. RA576.K5251999 615.9'02--dc21 99-048297 Copyright © 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2000 AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo copying, record ing, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Printed on acid-free paper. To Marci and Nathan Contents Abbreviations xiii List of figures xv List of tables XXI Acknowledgements xxvii Chapter 1 Introduction: Scope of the book 1 Chapter 2 Structure of the respiratory system 5 Upper respiratory system 6 Lower respiratory system 8 Gas-exchange area 12 Cell types in the lung 13 Nervous innervation 13 Structural components 14 Conclusion 14 References 15 Chapter 3 Physiology of the respiratory system 17 Lung function 17 Nasal function 26 References 28 Chapter 4 Properties and sources of common ambient air pollutants 29 Sulfurous versus photochemical air pollutants 29 Criteria air pollutants 31 Carbon monoxide 33 Sulfur dioxide 34 Nitrogen dioxide 36 Particulate matter 37 Ozone 44 Hazardous air pollutants 45 Conclusions 47 References 48 viii Chapter 5 Exposure assessment 49 Biomarkers 56 References 59 Chapter 6 Inhalation exposure technologies 61 References 67 Chapter 7 Methods of assessment of pollutant-induced health effects 69 Animal toxicology and in vitro systems 70 Controlled human studies 71 Epidemiologic studies 73 Biomarkers 78 Polymorphisms 79 Conclusion 81 References 83 Chapter 8 Asthma: A special case of susceptibility to air pollution 85 Definition and diagnoses 85 Natural history 87 Atopy 88 Morbidity and mortality rates 88 Biomarkers of inflammation: Cells 89 Biomarkers of inflammation: Mediators 91 Diet and asthma 93 Genetics of asthma 93 Economic burden 94 Fatal asthma 94 References 96 Chapter 9 Health effects of sulfur oxides: Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid 99 Sulfur dioxide: controlled human exposure studies 99 Epidemiologic studies 106 Sulfuric acid: Controlled studies 107 Epidemiology 109 Conclusion 111 References 112 ix Chapter 10 Health effects of particulate matter 115 Deposition 115 Clearance 117 EPA NAAQS for PM 117 Health effects of PM 118 PM and cardiovascular disease 129 Chronic effects 130 Policy concerns and research needs 131 Conclusion 134 References 135 Chapter 11 Health effects of ozone 139 Upper airway effects 144 Lower airway effects 144 Epidemiological studies 155 Future research needs 158 References 159 Chapter 12 Health effects of nitrogen dioxide 165 Deposition/uptake 166 Controlled human studies 166 Upper airway effects 166 Lower airway effects 166 Pharmacologic/antioxidant interventions 168 Infectivity 169 Susceptible populations 171 Epidemiology 172 Conclusions 177 References 178 Chapter 13 Health effects of carbon monoxide 181 Exposure assessment 182 Health effects of CO 183 Controlled studies 183 Epidemiologic studies 184 Conclusion 185 References 187 x Chapter 14 Health effects of the hazardous air pollutants 189 Health effects of "air toxies" 189 Controlled human studies 190 Epidemiolog ical studies 191 References 193 Chapter 15 Health effects of indoor air pollution 195 Indoor air pollution sources 196 Exposure assessments: man-made 197 TEAM study 201 Indoor/outdoor ratios 202 Health effects of indoor pollutants: man-made 203 Natural indoor air pollutants 205 Control of natural indoor pollutants 209 Sick Building Syndrome 209 Conclusion 210 References 211 Chapter 16 Interactions between climate change and air pollution 213 Climate change and human health 215 Climate change, temperature, and air pollution 218 Other possible consequences of climate change 219 Conclusions 222 References 223 Chapter 17 Risk assessment for air pollutants 225 Basic definitions 226 Perception of risk 228 Examples of risk assessments for air pollutants 229 Risk management 231 Risk communication 232 Strengthening the foundation of risk assessment 233 References 235 xi Chapter 18 Standard setting for air pollutants 237 Definition of an adverse effect 237 Standard setting process of NAAQS 240 Limitations of process for NAAQS 240 NAAQS for PM: an example 241 Chapter 19 Conclusions and future directions 245 Index 247 ABBREVIATIONS AM Alveolar macrophage BAL Bronchioalveolar lavage BHR Bronchial hyperresponsiveness CAA Clean Air Act CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons CO Carbon monoxide COHb Carboxyhemoglobin COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Em Exercise-induced bronchospasm EPA Environmental Protection Agency ETS Environmental tobacco smoke FEF Forced expiratory flow in the mid portion of a FVC 2S_7S maneuver, from 25-75% FEV Forced expiratory volume in one second t FVC Forced vital capacity HAPs Hazardous air pollutants H+ Hydrogen ion H S0 Sulfuric acid 2 4 ICAM Intercellular adhesion molecule-l IgE Immunoglobulin E IL Interleukin; there are many forms -1 through -13 INFy Interferon gamma LDH Lactose dehydrogenase NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards N0 Nitrogen dioxide 2 PAF Platelet activating factor PFTs Pulmonary function tests PM Particulate matter PM Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 micrometers 10 PM Particulate matter between the sizes of 2.5 and 10 cF micrometers PM Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.6 micrometers 2.S Pb Lead ppb Parts per billion ppm Parts per million Raw Resistance of the airways
Description:The list of books you might like
