Health Care Waste Management and COVID 19 Pandemic: Policy, Implementation Status and Vaccine Management

348 Pages·2022·7.168 MB·English

by  Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Pariatamby Agamuthu

Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
Pariatamby Agamuthu   Editors
Health Care Waste
Management
and COVID 19
Pandemic
Policy, Implementation Status and
Vaccine Management
Health Care Waste Management
and COVID 19 Pandemic
(cid:129)
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Pariatamby Agamuthu
Editors
Health Care Waste
Management
and COVID 19 Pandemic
Policy, Implementation Status and Vaccine
Management
Editors
SadhanKumarGhosh PariatambyAgamuthu
MechanicalEngineering CenteronSustainableDevelopment
JadavpurUniversity SunwayUniversity
Kolkata,India BanndarSunway,Malaysia
ISBN978-981-16-9335-9 ISBN978-981-16-9336-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9336-6
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Contents
PartI COVID19WasteManagementandCulturalPerspectives
WasteManagementDuringPandemicofCOVID-19inIndia,Italy,
andtheUSA:TheInfluenceofCulturalPerspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SadhanKumarGhosh,RonaldL.Mersky,SannidhyaKumarGhosh,
andFrancescoDiMaria
PartII HealthCareWasteManagementandCaseStudies
ClinicalWasteManagementinMalaysiaandCOVID-19Waste
ManagementCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
P.Agamuthu,S.B.Mehran,andB.Jayanthi
WasteManagementRelatedtoCOVID-19intheNoncontactEra:
CaseStudyoftheRepublicofKorea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Seung-WheeRheeandDal-KiMin
HealthcareWasteManagementandPost-PandemicCountermeasures:
TheCaseofthePhilippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
VellaAtienza,LynleiPintor,andArlenAncheta
PartIII ManagementofNon-MedicalWasteInfectedbySARS-CoV-2
TheImmediateItalianResponsetotheManagementofNon-medical
WastePotentiallyInfectedbySARS-CoV-2DuringtheEmergency
PhaseofthePandemic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
FrancescoDiMaria,EleonoraBeccaloni,LuciaBonadonna,CarlaCini,
ElisabettaConfalonieri,GiuseppinaLaRosa,MariaRosariaMilana,
EmanuelaTestai,andFedericaScaini
v
vi Contents
PartIV HealthCareWasteManagementDuringPre-and
Post-COVID-19Scenario
OverviewofInfectiousHealthcareWasteManagement
inThailandinPre-andDuringCOVID-19Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
PawanKumarSrikanth,WipatsayaSrimanoi,PrakritiKashyap,
andChettiyappanVisvanathan
HealthCareWasteManagementinNepal:Pre-andPost-COVID-19
Scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
BinayaSapkota
COVID-19andHealthcareWasteManagement(HCWM)inMyanmar:
PerspectivesfromtheTripleR(Response,Recovery,andRedesign). . . 173
PremakumaraJagathDickellaGamaralalage,MatthewHengesbaugh,
andOhnmarMayTinHlaing
PartV HealthcareWasteManagementandImpactofCOVID-19
HealthcareWasteManagementPracticesinNigeria:AReview. . . . . . . 197
DavidO.Olukanni,JustinD.Lazarus,andEmmanuelFagbenle
MedicalWasteManagementinLebanonandImpactofCOVID-19. . . . 219
AmaniMaalouf,HaniMaalouf,andP.Agamuthu
GlobalPictureofCOVID-19PandemicwithEmphasisonEuropean
Subcontinent. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 235
AbhijitMajumder,DebadattaAdak,TapasKumarBala,
andNandadulalBairagi
PartVI PreventiveMeasurestoIndirectlyReduceCOVID19Waste
Generation:VaccinationandRehabilitation
COVID-19VaccinationinIndia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
SadhanKumarGhosh,AnjanAdhikari,AnirudhhaMukhopadhyay,
SampriktaBose,andKomalSharma
VaccinationfortheCOVID-19Pandemic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
KavithaAgamutuandP.Agamuthu
ExerciseinImmuneHealthManagementandRehabilitationAgainst
COVID-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
AparupKonarandSamiranMondal
Contents vii
PartVII ThirdWaveofCOVIDPandemic
SARS-CoV-2VariantsandThirdWave:ImpactonSocial,Economic,
Health,Educational,andWasteManagementAspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
SadhanKumarGhosh,SutriptaSarkar,SannidhyaKumarGhosh,
KaniskaSarkar,AidaBenHassenTrabelsi,Arisman,S.M.TariqulIslam,
ShafiulIslam,Mst.FarzanaRahmanZuthi,TusarKantiRoy,
NatelaDzebisashvili,NugzariBuachidze,MarufulHasanMazumder,
SharminSultana,andVladimirMaryev
Part I
COVID 19 Waste Management
and Cultural Perspectives
Waste Management During Pandemic
of COVID-19 in India, Italy, and the USA:
fl
The In uence of Cultural Perspectives
SadhanKumarGhosh,RonaldL.Mersky,SannidhyaKumarGhosh,
andFrancescoDiMaria
1 Introduction
Since its first detection occurred in the city of Wuhan (China) (CDC, 2020) the
diffusionofthesevereacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)diseaseduetothenovel
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been characterized on March 11th by the World
Health Organization (WHO, 2020a) as a pandemic COVID-19. The world was
facing a novel pathogen, the scope and spread of which was unknown in the
beginning of 2020. WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International
Concern on 30 January and a Global Pandemic on 11 March. The UN and public
healthpartnerstookearlyactiontoensureaccesstolife-savingsupplies,notablyPPE
andtestkitsinFebruary–March,notablyWHOandUNICEF(WHO,2021).Totalof
infected people across the world as on May 10th 2020 was greater than 3,900,000
with a number of total deaths of about 275,000 (WHO, 2020b) spread over more
than 210 countries. According to the WHO COVID-19 dashboard, the number of
affectedconfirmedcasesare249,399,713,numberofdeathsreached5,046,344and
recoveredcases225,874,632intheworldasonfifthNovember2021(https://www.
worldometers.info/coronavirus/). SARS together with middle east respiratory syn-
drome (MERS) represents the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus that
S.K.Ghosh(*)
MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,JadavpurUniversityandISWMAW,Kolkata,West
Bengal,India
R.L.Mersky
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,WidenerUniversity,Chester,PA,USA
S.K.Ghosh
DepartmentofCivil,EnvironmentalandArchitecturalEngineering,UniversityofColorado
Boulder,Boulder,CO,USA
F.DiMaria
DipartimentodiIngegneria–UniversityofPerugia,Perugia,Italy
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022 3
S.K.Ghosh,P.Agamuthu(eds.),HealthCareWasteManagementandCOVID
19Pandemic,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9336-6_1
4 S.K.Ghoshetal.
emerged in the last 20 years (de Wit et al., 2016). As already detected for other
respiratory infections the main transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2 viruses is
based on airborne droplets, with average diameter (cid:1) 5 mm, generated by sneeze,
cough, breaths, or during normal speaking of infected subjects (Lewis, 2020;
NationalResearchCouncil,2020;Yu etal.,2018;WHO, 2020c).Liuetal.(2020)
reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the airborne aerosols sampled in the air
inside two hospitals of Wuhan during pandemic peaks. Similar results were also
reported by Santarpia et al. (2020). In this study they analysed 13 rooms of the
NebraskaUniversityHospitalinwhichwererecoveredpatientsinfectedbySARS-
CoV-2. Both authors indicated also frequent ventilation of rooms and staying in
openspacesastwoeffectivewaysforreducingthespreadoftheinfection.
Togetherwithnoseandmouthalsoeyeshavebeenindicatedasanotherpossible
access of the SARS-CoV-2 into human body contributing to the pandemic spread-
ing. For this reason, together with social distances and use of protective mask and
gloves also particular care in hand cleansing has been recommended. In fact, the
persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces and materials has been already
detectedbyseveralauthors.VanDoremalenetal.(2020)reportedthatSARS-CoV-2
remainedviableondifferentsurfacessuchascardboard,copper,stainlesssteel,and
plasticfrom15hupto72hatlaboratoryconditionsindicatinghighsimilaritywith
SARS-CoV-1 virus. Kampf et al. (2020) detected the persistence of the virus on
inanimatesurfacesupto9daysindicatingalsotheeffectivenessofitsinactivationby
theuseofdifferentbiocidalagents.Ofcourse,ambientandclimaticconditions(e.g.,
temperature,humidity,solarradiation)caninfluencethisperiod.Allthishighlights
the importance of proper management and disposal of waste materials potentially
affectedbytheSARS-CoV-2.Healthcarewastegeneratedbyhospitalorassimilated
activitieshasalreadytheirspecificregulations,inparticularconcerningthosechar-
acterized by risk of infection (DPR, 2003; WHO, 2020d). A different question is
presentedbyhouseholdwastegeneratedbypatientstreatedathomeorinotherareas
differentfromhospitalsandmedicalcentersbecauseofpositivetestsorforquaran-
tine. Even if there is no definitive evidence of the persistence of the virus in such
wastethereisanywayadiffusedperceptionofthepotentialriskduetotheirimproper
management that could represent a threat for both operators and citizens (Gomes
Mol&Caldas,2020).
Furthermore, improper management of such waste could represent a serious
threat for workers of the informal sector, that is a very diffused activity in given
areas(Cruvineletal.,2019).AboutthistopictheEuropeanCommissionstatesthat
there is no evidence of the transmission of the virus via household waste manage-
ment,recommendingthecontinuityofpropermunicipalwastemanagementservices
including separate collection in the EU area (EC, 2020). However, this indication
appearsquitefarfromtherealisticperceptionoftheproblemsdailyfacedbyworkers
andcitizensandfromtheopinionofexperts,leadingsomememberstatestodevelop
specificrecommendationsandguidelinesforwastemanagementduringthecorona-
viruscrisis(ISS,2020).USAandItalyareamongthetoptenmostaffectedcountries,
whereas India, the biggest democracy with 1.38 billion people is a moderately
affected country. However, it is good that country like India has reached a target