Health and wealth from medicinal aromatic plants

73 Pages·2011·1.82 MB·English

ISSN 1810-0775
H e a l t h and wealth
from
M e d i c i nal Aromatic
Plants
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Diversification booklet number 17
H e a l t h and wealth
from
M e d i c i nal Aromati
c
P lants
Elaine Marshall
Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome 2011
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© FAO 2012
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Preface v s
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Acknowledgements vii
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Introduction 1 n
■ Medicinal Aromatic Plants 1 o
■ Livelihoods and sustainable development 3 c
■ Purpose of the booklet 5 f
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Benefits of Medicinal Aromatic Plants 7
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■ Contribution to sustainable livelihoods 7 b
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The livelihood activity 13 T
■ Essential elements of the activity 13
■ Medicinal Aromatic Plants: Varieties and their properties 18
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Strategies for successful and sustainable marketing 25
■ Medicinal Aromatic Plants supply chain 25
■ Successful marketing strategies 30
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Support services for Medicinal Aromatic Plants 45
■ Setting goals and planning 46
■ Public policy support 47
■ Marketing and business skills for successful trade 49
■ Role of Advisor 50
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Opportunities and challenges for improved livelihoods 55
■ Opportunities 55
■ Challenges 56
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Selected further reading 59
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Sources of further information and support 63
Preface
The purpose of the FAO Diversification booklets is to raise awareness and
provide decision support information about opportunities at farm and local
community level to increase the incomes of small-scale farmers.
Each booklet focuses on a farm or non-farm enterprise that can be s
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integrated into small farms to increase incomes and enhance livelihoods. a
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The enterprises profiled in the FAO Diversification booklets selected are P

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suitable for smallholder farmers in terms of resource requirements, additional i
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costs, exposure to risk and complexity. The products or services generated m
by the enterprises are suitable for meeting demand on a growing, or already o
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strong, local market and are not dependent on an export market. However in

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this particular booklet, export markets are considered. This is because local
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markets are influenced by international market demand for some Medicinal c
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Aromatic Plants and there is a high demand in export markets for certain
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Medicinal Aromatic Plants.

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The main target audience for these booklets are people and organizations r
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that provide advisory, business and technical support services to resource- h
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poor small-scale farmers and local communities in low- and middle-income a
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countries. It is hoped that enough information is given to help these support w

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service providers to consider new income-generating opportunities and how
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these might enable small-scale farmers to take action. What are the potential

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benefits? What are farmer requirements and constraints? What are critical t
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‘success factors’? e
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The FAO Diversification booklets are also targeted to policy-makers and
programme managers in government and non-governmental organizations.
What actions might policy-makers take to create enabling environments for
small-scale farmers to diversify into new income-generating activities?
The FAO Diversification booklets are not intended to be technical ‘how
to do it’ guidelines. Readers will need to seek more information or technical
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support, so as to provide farmer advisory and support activities relating to
the introduction of new income-generating activities. To assist in this respect,
each booklet identifies additional sources of information, technical support
and website addresses.
A CD has been prepared with a full series of FAO Diversification booklets
and relevant FAO technical guides, together with complementary guides
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Acknowledgements
Gratitude is owed to Doyle Baker, Senior Technical Officer, Rural
Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division, (AGS), FAO, who provided for
a detailed technical review on the final draft version of this booklet. Special
thanks also go to Paul Vantomme, Senior Forestry Officer,(FOEI), and Mr.

H.A. Hilmi, former Senior Forestry Officer, for their detailed reviews and ss
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inputs to the booklet. Thanks are also owed to Äke Olofsson, Rural Finance aa
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Officer, (AGS), for carefully reviewing and providing inputs on the sections PP

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in the booklet related to finance. ii
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Acknowledgements for the series oo
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Gratitude is owed to Doyle Baker, Senior Technical Officer, Rural Infrastructure

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and Agro-Industries Division (AGS), FAO, for his vision, encouragement and
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constant support in the development of the FAO Diversification booklet series. cc
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Martin Hilmi managed the development, production and post-production
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of the series and provided technical support and inputs. Michael Breece

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undertook the design and layout of the booklets and desktop publishing.
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Introduction
■ Medicinal Aromatic Plants (Medicinal and Aromatic Plant
Medicinal Aromatic Plants (MAPs) Working Group, 2010). Medicinal
play a valuable and important Aromatic Plants (MAPs) grow
role in economic, social, cultural in almost all terrestrial and some

and ecological aspects of local aquatic ecosystems around the world. s
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communities the world over. However increasing demand on plants a
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Medicinal Aromatic Plants (MAPs) and their habitats are threatening P

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can be defined as botanicals that many species harvested from the wild. i
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provide people with medicines - to Cultivation of MAPs is thus a feasible m
prevent disease, maintain health or diversification enterprise for many o
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cure ailments. In one form or another, small-scale farmers as demand is high,

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they benefit virtually everyone on trade opportunities are increasing and
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Earth through nutrition, toiletry, the income generating potential is c
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bodily care, incense and ritual healing good (see Figure 1 and Case Study 1).
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FIGURE 1 Medicinal products displayed for sale in a retail outlet
(Photo: FAO/FO-7222/ A.A. Ze)
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Medicinal Aromatic Plants (MAPs) contributing to farm household income
are an integral component of many generation through trade. ‘Traditional
local trade supply chains. They are medicine’ is defined by the World
part of traditional medicine systems Health Organization (WHO) as the
found in numerous local communities sum total of the knowledge, skills, and
around the world, and comprise a wide practices based on the theories, beliefs,
range of species which have different and experiences indigenous to different
sources, characteristics and uses. Since cultures, used in the maintenance of
time immemorial these products have health as well as in the prevention,
made a significant contribution to diagnosis, improvement or treatment of
human health and well-being as well as physical and mental illness.
CASE STUDY 1 Community-based cultivation of commercially
used MAPs and their integration in
home healthcare in Bunza village,
MpigiDistrict, Uganda
Bunza, a village in Kalamba, Mpigi district, central Uganda, is an impoverished
community with low earnings and poor access to healthcare services such as clinics.
The people rely mainly on MAPs to meet their healthcare needs, especially for common
minor complaints and to treat malaria.
Some MAPs have become commercialized and are traded to Kampala, about 30
kilometres away, with the result that some have been over-harvested and are now locally
endangered. An example is the small tree Psorospermum febrifugum, the trunk and root
bark of which has gained a reputation for effectiveness in treating skin infections and
for body nourishment. Today’s market price in Kampala for dried Psorospermum bark
is TSh5 000-10 000 (US$3-6) per kilo – providing an opportunity for collectors to make
good money in the local context. Another example is Albizia coriaria, the trunk bark of
which the active ingredient is found in many locally produced ointments used for skin
infections. Albizia coriaria became increasingly the target of destructive exploitation as
it replaced the dwindling Psorospermum febrifugum.
A project set up by Plantlife International in the village of Bunza sets out to conserve and
promote sustainable access to MAPs in Bunza for the benefit of local healthcare and
livelihoods. More specifically two of the primary objectives focus on i) the development
of a village nursery for MAPs, including training for the community on the collection
of seed from wild plants and the raising of seedlings and ii) importantly training local
community members to plant out seedlings from the nursery into their farms or back into
the wild in order to enrich wild populations.
Source: Adapted from Plantlife International. 2008. MAPs in conservation and development, case
studies and lesson learnt, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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■ Livelihoods and sustainable cosmetics, and other plant-based
development products are harvested from the wild,
There are many situations where and the demand for them is globally
MAP activities can be especially increasing (Leaman, 2008). Coupled
valuable for livelihoods because with land conversion and habitat
they are an accessible option to degradation in many regions, it means
most: harvest for subsistence or trade around a quarter of such species are
requires access to natural assets, under threat. In Europe, at least 2 000

basic species knowledge, and some MAP species are traded commercially s
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willing labour. Medicinal Aromatic and as many as 1 300 species being a
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Plant (MAPs) trade is essentially native to Europe. The increase in P

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the process of converting natural demand for MAPs is putting pressure i
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resources into income, drawing on on natural resources. The European m
social, physical and human assets Plant Conservation Strategy (EPCS) o
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to do so. The more sustainably states that 90 percent of MAP species

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managed the asset base, the greater native to Europe are still collected
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the potential for a successful activity. from the wild. Approximately one c
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An estimated 400 000 tonnes quarter of plant species used for
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of MAPs are traded annually and medicine, cosmetics or dietary

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more than 70 percent of the plant supplements, are threatened with
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species used in herbal medicines, extinction (see Box 1). r
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BOX 1 Recognised threats to wild harvested MAP species e
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The Medicinal Plant Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) predicts n
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that at least 15 000 plant species used in herbal products could be threatened, many

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as a direct result of unsustainable collection practices. This pattern is likely to continue
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into the future as a result of the costs (time, research, technology, land, and other al
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agricultural inputs) of domestication and cultivation of species. Moreover, cultivation
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is not necessarily the most beneficial production system for many plant species. For
many collectors, economic benefits and conservation incentives are derived from
sustainable wild collection. Cultivation is unlikely to meet the demand for raw plant
material, particularly for species that are slower growing, that are used in low volumes,
that do not command sufficiently high and stable prices in the global market, or that are
believed to be more potent in their wild form.
Source: Adapted from The Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010 (Available at http://www.cbd.
int/ )
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