Health and Environment in Aquaculture - INTECH

427 Pages·2016·19.85 MB·English

by  Carvalho E.D.

HEALTH
AND
ENVIRONMENT
IN AQUACULTURE
Edited by
Edmir Daniel Carvalho,
Gianmarco Silva David
Reinaldo J . Silva
HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENT
IN AQUACULTURE

Edited by Edmir Daniel Carvalho,
Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. Silva
Health and Environment in Aquaculture
Edited by Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. Silva

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published April, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Health and Environment in Aquaculture,
Edited by Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. Silva
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0497-1

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Parasitic Diseases 1
Chapter 1 Transmission Biology of the Myxozoa 3
Hiroshi Yokoyama, Daniel Grabner
and Sho Shirakashi
Chapter 2 Metazoan Parasites of the
European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax
(Linnaeus 1758) (Pisces: Teleostei) from Corsica 43
Laetitia Antonelli and Bernard Marchand
Chapter 3 Parasitic Diseases in Cultured
Marine Fish in Northwest Mexico 63
Emma J. Fajer-Ávila, Oscar B. Del Río-Zaragoza
and Miguel Betancourt-Lozano
Part 2 Bacterial Diseases 95
Chapter 4 Molecular Detection and
Characterization of Furunculosis
and Other Aeromonas Fish Infections 97
Roxana Beaz Hidalgo and María José Figueras
Chapter 5 An Overview of Virulence-Associated Factors
of Gram-Negative Fish Pathogenic Bacteria 133
Jessica Méndez, Pilar Reimundo, David Pérez-Pascual,
Roberto Navais, Esther Gómez, Desirée Cascales
and José A. Guijarro
Part 3 Antibiotics and Probiotics 157
Chapter 6 Antibiotics in Aquaculture –
Use, Abuse and Alternatives 159
Jaime Romero, Carmen Gloria Feijoó
and Paola Navarrete
VI Contents

Chapter 7 The Use of Antibiotics in Shrimp Farming 199
M.C. Bermúdez-Almada and A. Espinosa-Plascencia
Chapter 8 Probiotics in Aquaculture – Benefits to the
Health, Technological Applications and Safety 215
Xuxia Zhou and Yanbo Wang
Chapter 9 Probiotics in Aquaculture of
Kuwait – Current State and Prospect 227
Ahmed Al-marzouk and Azad I. Saheb
Part 4 Applied Topics of Cellular and Molecular Biology 249
Chapter 10 Use of Microarray Technology
to Improve DNA Vaccines in Fish
Aquaculture – The Rhabdoviral Model 251
P. Encinas, E. Gomez-Casado, A. Estepa and J.M. Coll
Chapter 11 Fighting Virus and Parasites
with Fish Cytotoxic Cells 277
M. Ángeles Esteban, José Meseguer
and Alberto Cuesta
Chapter 12 Bacteriocins of Aquatic
Microorganisms and Their Potential
Applications in the Seafood Industry 303
Suphan Bakkal, Sandra M. Robinson
and Margaret A. Riley
Chapter 13 The Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Vertebra
and Cellular Pathways to Vertebral Deformities 329
Elisabeth Ytteborg, Jacob Torgersen,
Grete Baeverfjord and Harald Takle
Part 5 Ecological Impacts of Fish Farming 359
Chapter 14 Ecological Features of Large
Neotropical Reservoirs and Its
Relation to Health of Cage Reared Fish 361
Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Reinaldo José da Silva,
Igor Paiva Ramos, Jaciara Vanessa Krüger Paes,
Augusto Seawright Zanatta, Heleno Brandão,
Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica, André Batista Nobile,
Aline Angelina Acosta and Gianmarco Silva David
Part 6 Work-Related Hazards – Prevention and Mitigation 383
Chapter 15 Aquacultural Safety and Health 385
Melvin L. Myers and Robert M. Durborow
Contents VII

Part 7 Spread of Pathogens from Marine Cage 401
Chapter 16 Spread of Pathogens from Marine Cage
Aquaculture – A Potential Threat for Wild
Fish Assemblages Under Protection Regimes? 403
Antonio Terlizzi, Perla Tedesco and Pierpaolo Patarnello

Preface

Aquaculture is a modality of food production that has been experiencing continuous
expansion in many countries worldwide. This expansion brings the challenge of
developing reliable tools for disease control, to assure high productivity of healthy
seafood. The increase of farmed fish production raises the issue of achieving a
sustainable and environmental friendly aquaculture. The adoption of best
management practices in the whole production chain, based on “state of the art”
scientific knowledge, is the key for sustainable health management. In this book,
experts from several countries bring updated information about some of the main
health issues that currently affects aquaculture. Topics concerning pathogens,
antibiotics, probiotics, cell biology, ecological interactions, and safety are included in
the six sections of this book.
The first section is entitled as “Parasitic diseases”, addressing issues and impacts of
parasites upon aquaculture. The first chapter is the “Transmission biology of the
myxozoa”, which explains about the diseases that some myxozoans cause in marine
and freshwater fish, and how they can be a problem for aquaculture and fishery
industries. It also elucidates the life cycle of myxozoans, that involves invertebrates,
and a vertebrate host that is typically a fish. However, there are no commercially
available chemotherapeutants and vaccines to treat myxozoan infections. This review
summarizes the current knowledge on the transmission biology of myxozoans, which
would be useful for designing management strategies for related diseases. The second
chapter is “Metazoan parasites of cultured European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax
(Linneaus 1758) from Corsica”. It is a study relating that parasitic infections and
associated diseases have emerged in aquaculture systems in many regions of Europe,
resulting in significant economical losses. This study points out that wild fish are
believed to be the primary reservoirs of parasite infection for fish farmed in cages, and
environmental conditions in culture systems may favor disease transmission,
threatening production activity. In this sense, it is considered that animals reared in
sea-cages are exposed to a large number of parasitic agents. The third chapter is
“Parasitic diseases in cultured marine fish in Northwest Mexico”. This chapter
summarizes the main parasitic diseases that affect marine fish species with
aquaculture potential in the Norwest Pacific coast of Mexico, emphasising proper
strategies for their control. The study shows the need to perform parasite treatment
and control applying prophylactic and therapeutic measures.
X Preface

In the section “Bacterial diseases”, the fourth chapter “Updated information of
Aeromonas infections and furunculosis derived from molecular methods” focuses on
the bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida, the causal agent of furunculosis, considered a
particularly important fish pathogen mainly due to its widespread distribution and
ability to infect a diverse range of hosts, causing massive mortalities and economic
losses. Additionally, climate change has been considered to play a role in the
appearance and impact of furunculosis. The study undertakes molecular techniques in
Aeromonas infections in fish, including significant advances in genomics and taxonomy
of these microorganisms. The fifth chapter is “An overview on virulence-associated
factors of Gram-negative fish pathogenic bacteria”, which addresses the issue of
bacterial outbreaks causing important economic losses for aquaculture. Gram-negative
bacteria have long been recognized as a cause of the most prevalent fish pathologies in
the aquaculture industry. The application of in vivo and in vitro molecular techniques
to fish pathogenic bacteria resulted in the characterization of novel virulence
determinants and allowed to increase the knowledge of bacterial pathogenic
mechanisms. This review deals with representative species of gram-negative fish
pathogenic bacteria in the context of the analysis of well-established virulent factors
produced by these pathogens.
In the section “Antibiotics and probiotics”, the sixth chapter is “Antibiotics in
aquaculture: use, abuse and alternatives”. This study argues that unpredictable
mortalities in aquaculture production may be due to negative interactions between
fish and pathogenic bacteria. To solve this problem, farmers frequently use antibiotic
compounds to treat bacterial diseases. The concerns about the increase in bacterial
resistance and antibiotic residues have aroused great caution in the use of antibiotics
in aquaculture, which has encouraged research to obtain alternatives. The aim of this
chapter is to provide information about the current knowledge in antibiotic use in
aquaculture systems, including information about mechanisms of action and
resistance. The seventh chapter is “The use of antibiotics in shrimp farming”. This is an
important study, considering that shrimp cultivation has been the most expanding
aquaculture activity. Nevertheless, this industry faces major problems with viral and
bacterial diseases, and large quantities of chemical and antibiotic products are
frequently used to counteract this. The study demonstrates the importance of applying
appropriate therapies with antibiotics, seeking greater effectiveness for the control of
bacterial infections. The eighth and ninth chapters, within this section, deal with
probiotics in aquaculture, which has been considered a key factor for fish health
management, due to the increasing demand for environment friendly aquaculture. The
eighth chapter is “Probiotics in aquaculture: benefits to the health, technological
applications and safety”. This study points out that, currently, a number of
preparations of probiotics are commercially available and have been introduced to
fish, shrimp and molluscan farming as feed additives. Thus, there is a commercial and
academic interest of increasing our knowledge in effective preparation, technological
applications, and safety evaluation of probiotics. The ninth chapter is “Probiotics in
aquaculture of Kuwait: current state and prospect”, and mentions the application of