Health and body care :

113 Pages·06.992 MB·Russian

by  Павлова, А.В.

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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Оренбургский государственный университет»

А. В. Павлова, О. А. Хрущева

HEALTH AND BODY CARE

Рекомендовано Ученым советом федерального государственного
бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального
образования «Оренбургский государственный университет» в качестве
учебного пособия для студентов, обучающихся по программам высшего
профессионального образования по направлению подготовки 035700.62
Лингвистика

Оренбург
2012
Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ.я73
П 12

Рецензент – ст. преподаватель АФМПАЯ, к. филол. наук Е. В. Турлова

Павлова, А.В.
П 12 Health and body care: учебное пособие / А. В. Павлова, О. А.
Хрущева; Оренбургский гос. ун-т. – Оренбург : ОГУ, 2012. – 113
с.
ISBN

В учебном пособии представлены материалы, необходимые для
успешного освоения системы лингвистических знаний, включающей в
себя знание основных фонетических, лексических, грамматических,
словообразовательных явлений и закономерностей функционирования
английского языка.
Учебное пособие предназначено для занятий по дисциплине
«Практический курс первого иностранного языка», для студентов 2
курса очной формы обучения по направлению 035700.62 Лингвистика,
профиля «Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и
культур».

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ.я73
ISBN
© Павлова А.В.,
Хрущева О.А., 2012
© ОГУ, 2012

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Contents
Введение…………………………………………………………………… 4
1 Disease or illness?………………………………………………………. 5
2 Pain, ache or hurt?……………………………………………………….. 14
3 Test for parts I and II……………………………………………………... 19
4 Common injuries………………………………………………………… 22
5 What are your symptoms?……………………………………………… 26
6 At the doctor’s……………………………………………………………. 29
7 What’s the diagnosis?………………………………………………….. 33
8 Test for parts IV, V, VI, VII……………………………………………... 40
9 Treatment. Alternative medicine…………………………………………. 42
10 Phrasal verbs……………………………………………………………. 48
11 Changing climate and public health………………………………. 50
12 Final test………………………………………………………………… 52
13 Sports to keep fit………………………………………………………... 55
14 Sports and games……………………………………………………….. 63
15 Test for Parts XIII and XIV…………………………………………….. 79
16 People in sport…………………………………………………………... 80
17 Places in sport…………………………………………………………... 87
18 Extreme sports…………………………………………………………... 90
19 Foul sports………………………………………………………………. 93
20 Test for Parts XVI-XIX…………………………………………………. 98
21 Sports idioms……………………………………………………………. 99
22 Phrasal verbs……………………………………………………………. 102
23 Final test………………………………………………………………… 106
Bibliography………………………………………………………………. 108
Appendix A ..………………………………………………………………. 111

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Введение

«Health and body care» - учебное пособие к практическому курсу первого
иностранного языка, предназначенное для обеспечения аудиторной и
самостоятельной работы студентов-бакалавров 2 курса 3 семестра очной
формы обучения по направлению 035700.62 – Лингвистика, профилю
«Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур» с целью
систематизации и обобщения практического материала по темам «Здоровье.
Болезни» и «Спорт» (в соответствии с 13 и 14 разделами рабочей
программы).
Настоящее пособие состоит из 17 разделов: 1. “Disease or illness?”, 2.
“Pain, ache or hurt?”, 3. “Common injuries”, 4. “What are your symptoms?”, 5.
“At the doctor’s.”, 6. “What’s the diagnosis?”, 7. “Treatment. Alternative
medicine.”, 8. Phrasal verbs, 9. “Changing Climate and Public Health”, 10.
“Sports to keep fit”, 11. “Sports and games”, 12. “People in sport”, 13. “Places in
sport”, 14. “Extreme sports”, 15. “Foul sports”, 16. “Sports idioms”, 17. Phrasal
Verbs. Каждый раздел содержит лексический, фонетический и
грамматический материал и упражнения, необходимые для активизации,
закрепления и контроля степени его усвоения. Для организации контроля и
самоконтроля предложены шесть тестовых заданий: четыре промежуточных
и два итоговых теста по материалу каждого раздела.

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1 Disease or illness?
Study the following meanings of the words disease and illness.
Disease noun
1) [uncoun. and count.] an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant
COLLOCATIONS
have/suffer from a disease, heart/liver/brain etc disease, a disease of the
brain/stomach etc, catch a disease, contract a disease formal (=catch a disease),
a disease spreads/the spread of a disease, infectious/contagious disease (=one
that spreads quickly from one person to another), a fatal/deadly disease (=one that
causes death), an incurable disease (=one that cannot be cured), a degenerative
disease (=one that gradually gets worse and worse), a cure for a disease, the
symptoms of a disease (=the things that show that someone has it).
E. g. Heart disease runs in our family.
The first symptoms of the disease are vomiting and a slight fever.
The symptoms of brain diseases vary widely depending on the specific
problem.
Dementia is a word for a group of symptoms caused by disorders that affect
the brain, it is not a specific disease.
A degenerative disease is any disease in which deterioration of structure or
function of tissue occurs. Kinds of degenerative diseases include arteriosclerosis,
cancer, and osteoarthritis.
In the simplest terms, contagious diseases can be defined as diseases that
can be transmitted from one person to the other through direct physical contact or
by coming in contact with the infected person's bodily secretions.
The average life expectancy at the beginning of the 20th century was 47.3
years. A century later, that number had increased to 77.85 years, due largely to the
development of vaccinations and other treatments for deadly diseases.

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2) [countable] something that is seriously wrong with society or with someone's
mind, behaviour etc:
E. g. Loneliness is a disease of our urban communities.
—diseased adj: diseased muscles

Illness noun [uncount. and count.] a disease of the body or mind, or the
condition of being ill
COLLOCATIONS
have an illness/suffer from an illness, recover from an illness, serious illness,
minor illness, short/long illness, childhood illness, acute illness (=an illness that
becomes serious very quickly), chronic illness (=an illness that lasts a long time
and cannot be cured), fatal illness (=an illness which causes death), terminal
illness (=an illness which cannot be cured and that causes death, often slowly),
mental illness, the symptoms of an illness (=the things that show that someone
has it), through illness (=because of illness).
E. g. She had all the normal childhood illnesses.
I'd been told I'd been suffering from various illnesses.
Stress can cause mental illness.
I've never missed a day's work through illness in my life.
WORD CHOICE: illness, disease
Illness and disease are often used in the same way and are equally common in
spoken English. However, illness is more often used to refer to the length of time
or state of being unwell • E. g. He died after a long illness. • Do not use illness to
talk about less serious problems such as headaches or colds. Disease is a
particular kind of illness, especially one that spreads from one person to
another or affects a particular part of your body • E. g. infectious diseases •
heart disease. Disease can also be used to mean a lot of different diseases • E. g.
Cigarette smoking causes death and disease.

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Read the following texts to get general information about some widely
spread illnesses and diseases, pay attention to the use of these words: illness
and disease.
Dementia is a word for a group of symptoms caused by disorders that affect
the brain. It is not a specific disease. People with dementia may not be able to think
well enough to do normal activities, such as getting dressed or eating. They may
lose their ability to solve problems or control their emotions. Their personalities
may change. They may become agitated or see things that are not there.
Memory loss is a common symptom of dementia. However, memory loss by
itself does not mean you have dementia. People with dementia have serious
problems with two or more brain functions, such as memory and language.
Many different diseases can cause dementia, including Alzheimer's disease
and stroke. Drugs are available to treat some of these diseases. While these drugs
cannot cure dementia or repair brain damage, they may improve symptoms or slow
down the disease.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures.
The seizures happen when clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out
the wrong signals. People may have strange sensations and emotions or behave
strangely. They may have violent muscle spasms or lose consciousness.
Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and
abnormal brain development. In many cases, the cause is unknown.
Doctors use brain scans and other tests to diagnose epilepsy. It is important
to start treatment right away. There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicines can
control seizures for most people. When medicines are not working well, surgery or
implanted devices such as vagus nerve stimulators may help. Special diets can help
some children with epilepsy.

A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your
brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke.
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The more common kind, called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that
blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. The other kind, called hemorrhagic
stroke, is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain. "Mini-
strokes" or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), occur when the blood supply to the
brain is briefly interrupted.
Symptoms of stroke are:
• sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on
one side of the body);
• sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech;
• sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes;
• sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination;
• sudden severe headache with no known cause.
If you have any of these symptoms, you must get to a hospital quickly to
begin treatment. Acute stroke therapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening by
quickly dissolving the blood clot or by stopping the bleeding. Post-stroke
rehabilitation helps individuals overcome disabilities that result from stroke
damage. Drug therapy with blood thinners is the most common treatment for
stroke.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative brain disorder.
Symptoms usually start around age 60. Memory problems, behavior changes,
vision problems and poor muscle coordination progress quickly to dementia, coma
and death. Most patients die within a year.
The three main categories of CJD are:
• sporadic CJD, which occurs for no known reason;
• hereditary CJD, which runs in families;
• acquired CJD, which occurs from contact with infected tissue, usually
during a medical procedure.
Cattle can get a disease related to CJD called bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) or "mad cow disease." There is concern that people can get
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a variant of CJD from eating beef from an infected animal, but there is no direct
proof to support this.

Your body normally cools itself by sweating. During hot weather, especially
with high humidity, sweating just isn't enough. Your body temperature can rise to
dangerous levels and you can develop a heat illness. Most heat illnesses occur
from staying out in the heat too long. Exercising too much for your age and
physical condition are also factors. Older adults, young children and those who are
sick or overweight are most at risk. Drinking fluids, replenishing salt and minerals
and limiting time in the heat can help.
Heat-related illnesses include:
• heatstroke - a life-threatening illness in which body temperature may
rise above 106 F in minutes; symptoms include dry skin, rapid, strong pulse and
dizziness;
• heat exhaustion - an illness that can precede heatstroke; symptoms
include heavy sweating, rapid breathing and a fast, weak pulse;
• heat cramps - muscle pains or spasms that happen during heavy
exercise;
• heat rash - skin irritation from excessive sweating.

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting.
Normally a human gets cholera from eating or drinking infected food or water.
And untreated, the disease will progress from massive diarrhea to shock in 4-12
hours and possibly death within 18 hours or several days. Luckily, with oral
rehydration therapy, a person can survive from cholera; however, in its most severe
form, cholera can kill within three hours. But good sanitation practices can curb an
outbreak. As the old saying goes – don’t drink the water – in many underdeveloped
countries. Primary treatment is with oral rehydration solution and if these are not
tolerated, intravenous fluids. Antibiotics are beneficial in those with severe disease.
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Worldwide it affects 3-5 million people and causes 100,000-130,000 deaths a year
as of 2010. Cholera was one of the earliest infections to be studied by
epidemiological methods.

Rabies. Foaming at the mouth, difficulty swallowing, a maniacal fear of
water, anger and hostility, delusions and hallucinations, general all-round insanity.
You may recognize these symptoms from that pack of rabid raccoons in your
backyard, but a couple of hundred years ago, a lot more humans found themselves
acting like those unfortunate animals. Back before Louis Pasteur’s groundbreaking
vaccine hit the scene in 1885, rabies was a widely feared disease (and it still is in
some parts of the world). Spread through saliva (usually through dog bites), the
rabies virus attacks the nervous system; once it’s gotten to your brain, it’s pretty
much over. Today, mandatory animal vaccination programs have pretty much
wiped out the disease in humans in the developed world, but the disease still kills
millions of animals and up to 50,000 people worldwide each year. Consider that a
reminder to vaccinate Fluffy.

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)/AIDS (Acquired immune
deficiency syndrome)
HIV leads to AIDS, which cripples a human’s immune system. AIDS has
been categorized as an epidemic by the CDC and the life expectancy has been
extended despite the lack of a vaccination or cure. While on its own, the Ebola
virus is much more deadly in the short term, most AIDS victims eventually
succumb to death from an AIDS related sickness. This condition progressively
reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible
to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of
a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such
as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission
can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic
needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth,
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