Healing Plants of Nigeria-Ethnomedicine and Therapeutic Applications

333 Pages·2020·244.304 MB·\333

by  Anselm Adodo (Author), Maurice M. Iwu (Author)

Healing Plants of Nigeria
Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times
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Healing Plants of Nigeria: Ethnomedicine and Terapeutic Applications
Anselm Adodo and Maurice M. Iwu
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Herb al-Me dicin es-f or-Mo dern- Times /book -seri es/CR CTRHE MEMOT
Healing Plants of Nigeria
Ethnomedicine and
Terapeutic Applications
by
Anselm Adodo
Maurice M. Iwu
First edition published 2020
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-1-138-33982-8 (hbk)
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Typeset in Minion
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents
Authors xiii
Introduction xv
Part One
1. The Practice of Medicine in Africa 3
1.1 Introduction ................................................3
1.2 History and Practice of Traditional African Medicine ............4
1.2.1 Types of Healers in African Traditional Health Care.....8
1.3 Te Rise of Allopathic Medicine in Nigeria.....................11
References.......................................................13
2. Medicine, Culture and Health Belief Systems 17
2.1 Te Concept and Meaning of Culture..........................17
2.2 African Traditional Beliefs on Health and Causes of Disease......19
2.3 Infuence of Cultural Beliefs on Health and Illness Behaviour.....21
References.......................................................23
v
3. Trees 27
3.1 Azadirachta indica ..........................................28
3.2 Alstonia boonei .............................................29
3.3 Bombax boenopozens ........................................3 0
3.4 Borassus aethiopum .........................................31
3.5 Casuarina equisetifolia ......................................32
3.6 Citrus aurantiifolia ..........................................33
3.7 Citrus limon ................................................34
3.8 Cussonia barteri ............................................35
3.9 Dacryodes edulis ............................................36
3.10 Dialium guineense ..........................................37
3.11 Desplatsia dewevrei .........................................38
3.12 Ficus elastica ...............................................39
3.13 Entada africana.............................................4 0
3.14 Entandrophragma angolense..................................41
3.15 Eucalyptus ofcinalis ........................................42
3.16 Rothmannia hispida .........................................43
3.17 Senna siamea ...............................................44
3.18 Spondias mombin ...........................................45
3.19 Stereospermum kunthianum ..................................46
3.20 Syzygium samarangense......................................47
3.21 Tectona grandis .............................................48
3.22 Terminalia superba ..........................................49
3.23 Terminalia ivorensis .........................................5 0
3.24 Teobroma cacao ...........................................51
3.25 Voacanga africana ..........................................52
3.26 Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides .................................53
References.......................................................54
4. Shrubs 57
4.1 Cajanus cajan ..............................................58
4.2 Calotropis procera ...........................................59
4.3 Carpolobia lutea ............................................6 0
4.4 Clerodendrum splendens .....................................61
4.5 Cochlospermum planchonii ...................................62
4.6 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis........................................63
4.7 Ixora fnlaysoniana ..........................................64
4.8 Ixora coccinea ..............................................65
4.9 Lawsonia inermis ...........................................66
4.10 Mimosa pigra ...............................................67
4.11 Ocimum kilimandscaricum ...................................68
4.12 Securinega virosa............................................69
4.13 Senna alata.................................................7 0
4.14 Tevetia neriifolia ...........................................71
4.15 Vernonia amygdalina ........................................72
References.......................................................73
vi Contents
5. Forbs 75
5.1 Acalypha ciliata.............................................76
5.2 Acanthospermum hispidum ..................................77
5.3 Aframomum alboviolaceum ..................................77
5.4 Ageratum conyzoides ........................................78
5.5 Aloe vera ...................................................79
5.6 Anchomanes diformis .......................................80
5.7 Artemisia annua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
5.8 Aspilia africana .............................................82
5.9 Asystasia gigantica ..........................................83
5.10 Boerhavia difusa ...........................................84
5.11 Bryophyllum pinnatum ......................................85
5.12 Caladium bicolor............................................86
5.13 Carica papaya ..............................................87
5.14 Chamaecrista mimosoides ....................................88
5.15 Chromolaena odorata........................................89
5.16 Citrullus colocynthis .........................................90
5.17 Cleome viscosa. .............................................91
5.18 Curcuma aeruginosa.........................................91
5.19 Datura stramomium.........................................92
5.20 Dioscorea alata .............................................93
5.21 Dioscorea cayenensis.........................................94
5.22 Euphorbia hirta .............................................94
5.23 Euphorbia heterophylla ......................................95
5.24 Hybanthus enneaspermus ....................................96
5.25 Jatropha curcas .............................................97
References.......................................................97
6. Grasses 101
6.1 Axonopus compressus.......................................101
6.2 Brachiaria nigropedata .....................................102
6.3 Chloris pilosa ..............................................103
6.4 Dactyloctenium aegyptium ..................................104
6.5 Digitaria spp...............................................105
6.6 Eragrostis tenella ...........................................106
6.7 Echonochloa spp............................................106
6.8 Eragrostis tremula..........................................107
6.9 Imperata cylindrica.........................................108
6.10 Oplismenus burmannii......................................109
6.11 Panicum maximum ........................................ 110
6.12 Panicum latifolium .........................................111
6.13 Paspalum scrobiculatum ....................................112
6.14 Pennisetum purpureum .....................................113
6.15 Saccharum ofcinarum .....................................114
6.16 Setaria longiseta ...........................................115
6.17 Setaria pumila .............................................116
Contents vii
6.18 Sorghum bicolor............................................117
6.19 Sporobolus indicus .........................................118
6.20 Tridax procumbens .........................................119
6.21 Zea mays..................................................119
References......................................................120
Part Two Application of Medicinal
Plants for Specifc Diseases
7. Medicinal Plants for Malaria and Parasitic Infections 125
7.1 Malaria...................................................126
7.1.1 Signs and Symptoms of Malaria.....................127
7.1.2 Malaria Control in Nigeria .........................127
7.1.3 Phytotherapy of Malaria ...........................128
7.1.4 Major Herbs Used for Malaria Treatment in Nigeria ....135
7.1.4.1 Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) ...........136
7.1.4.2 Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae)............139
7.1.4.3 Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae) .......140
7.1.4.4 Cochlospermum planchonii (Bixaceae)......141
7.1.4.5 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Apocynaceae).... 142
7.1.4.6 Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae).........143
7.1.4.7 Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae)...........144
7.1.4.8 Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae).........146
7.1.4.9 Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae).....147
7.1.4.10 Nauclea spp. (Rubiaceae).................149
7.1.4.11 Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae).........152
7.1.4.12 Artemisia annua (Asteraceae, Compositae)...153
7.2 Other Neglected Tropical Diseases ...........................154
7.2.1 Leishmaniasis ....................................155
7.2.2 Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)....157
7.2.3 Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis) .................158
7.2.4 Buruli Ulcer......................................159
7.2.5 Tuberculosis......................................160
References......................................................163
8. Nigerian Plants with Application in the Treatment of
High Blood Pressure 171
8.1 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae)........................177
8.2 Hibiscus sabdarifa (Malvaceae)..............................178
8.3 Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae)...............................180
8.4 Phyllanthus amarus (Phyllanthaceae).........................181
8.5 Parkia biglobosa (Fabaceae)..................................182
8.6 Ficus exasperata (Moraceae).................................183
viii Contents
8.7 Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae) ............................184
8.8 Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae) ...............................185
8.9 Rauwolfa vomitoria (Apocynaceae)..........................186
8.10 Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)................................187
8.11 Teobroma cacao (Malvaceae) ...............................189
8.12 Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae)...........................190
8.13 Camellia sinensis (Teaceae) ................................192
References......................................................193
9. Nigerian Healing Plants Used for Metabolic Syndrome,
Obesity, and Diabetes 199
9.1 Anti-Obesity Herbs ........................................201
9.2 High Blood Cholesterol.....................................203
9.3 High Blood Triglycerides....................................204
9.4 Diabetes..................................................205
9.5 Integrative Approach to the Management of Metabolic
Syndrome and Associated Co-Morbidities.....................207
9.5.1 Citrus Fruits (Red Orange, Grapefruit, Orange).......208
9.5.2 Red Palm Oil.....................................209
9.5.2.1 Virgin Red (VR) Palm Oil................211
9.5.3 Hibiscus sabdarifa (Malvaceae).....................211
9.5.4 Gnetum africanum (Eruh, Okazi) ................... 211
9.5.5 Aju Mbaise.......................................211
9.5.6 Kayan Shayi......................................212
9.5.7 Pepper Soups in MetS Management .................213
References......................................................214
10. Phytotherapy of HIV-AIDS and Opportunistic Infections
With Nigerian Plants 217
10.1 Introduction ..............................................217
10.2 Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase (RTase)...............219
10.3 Non-specifc Antiviral and Immuno-Modulatory Agents........221
10.3.1 Moringa oleifera ................................. 222
10.3.2 Nigella sativa.................................... 223
10.3.3 Momordica charantia .............................224
10.3.4 Garcinia kola.................................... 225
10.3.5 Kigelia africana.................................. 226
10.3.6 Terminalia sericea ................................226
References......................................................227
11. Application of Nigerian Plants in Cancer Treatment 231
11.1 Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) ............................233
11.2 Persea americana; Avocado Pear (Family: Lauraceae)...........235
Contents ix