HEALING GOTHAM This page intentionally left blank H E A L I N G G O T H A M New York City’s Public Health Policies for the Twenty- First Century Bruce F. Berg, PhD Associate Professor, Po liti cal Science Fordham University Bronx, New York Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2015 Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2015 Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Mary land 21218- 4363 www .press .jhu .edu Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Berg, Bruce F., author. Healing Gotham : New York City’s public health policies for the twenty- first century / Bruce F. Berg. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 1- 4214- 1599- 4 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 1- 4214- 1599- 2 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978- 1- 4214- 1600- 7 (electronic) — ISBN 1- 4214- 1600- X (electronic) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Health Policy— New York City. 2. Urban Health— New York City. WA 546 AN7] RA566.4.I3 362.1'042097471—dc23 2014016736 A cata log record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410- 516- 6936 or [email protected]. Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post- consumer waste, whenever possible. For Noah, Samara, Adam, and Ellis and their health This page intentionally left blank contents Ac know ledg ments ix one Introduction 1 two Lead Poisoning in Children 32 three Managing Asthma 71 four Living with HIV/AIDS 109 five Helping a City Lose Weight 162 six The First Appearance of West Nile Virus 203 seven Conclusion 220 References 251 Index 285 This page intentionally left blank ac know ledg ments I am greatly indebted to Fordham University and its Office of Research for providing me with the necessary release time to conduct the research for the manuscript and its initial writing. Staffers at the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene were particularly helpful in the early research for this project. New York City Council public hearings and press conferences by Mayors Rudolph Giuliani and Michael R. Bloomberg provided a wealth of information on public health policy and the politics of public health in New York City. My wife, Abbey, proofread major sections of the manuscript, asked appro- priate questions, and provided encouragement throughout the project. At Johns Hopkins University Press, I am grateful to Kelley Squazzo for her decision to support the project. Finally, I would like to thank the town of Lucca, Italy. This manuscript was born in Lucca. The beautiful Tuscan town provided both the creative environ- ment that allowed me to develop the topic as well as a wonderful distraction whenever I needed a diversion.